阅读理解(二)

阅读理解（二）

进行快速阅读的必要条件

进行英语快速阅读的必要条件是：

基本知识、语言基础、阅读技能。快速阅读不是一种孤立的能力，它必须以了解一定的基本知识为先决条件，以具备一定的词汇和基本语法为基础，还要掌握一些重要的阅读技能。如果没有语言基础，阅读材料通篇都是生词，语法难点很多，即使掌握了一些快速阅读的技能，要快也快不了。反之，如果只有语言基础知识，而没有阅读技能，要想读得快，读得多，也是不可能的。但是，如果对材料的内容缺乏基本常识，即使语言基础好，并具备阅读技能，也不可能“快读”，只能“慢读”。

基本知识主要是指的是所涉及英语的专业知识，没有一定的专业知识，要想把内容理解透是有相当大的难度的。

语言基础知识主要指词汇量和句型结构。要有一定的词汇量。这包括两部分，一是公共部分，二是专业部分。我认为公共英语部分至少要达到4000个单词量，而专业部分最好要有1500个词汇量。要有一定的句型分析能力。英语文章最大的语法难点是句型，句型中的难点是定语从句。一个句子很长，往往是由于定语从句连环套在作怪，定语中套着定语。这样的连环从句表达专业概念非常严谨，却给我们阅读带来困难。因此，我们要能够进行层次分析，准确把握各从句之间的关系，才能提高阅读速度。同时，要了解词性的变化，名词的动用和动词的名用。至于时态等其它的语法现象对我们具备一定语法知识的参试人员来说，基本上构不成多大障碍。

快速阅读的重要性 快速阅读的重要性

所谓的阅读能力主要是指精读和泛读能力。然而，英语阅读中，速度是人们最普遍关心的问题之一。在实际工作和生活中，百分之八十至百分之九十的阅读一般都是快速阅读，通过快速阅读，我们可以更广泛、更大量地阅读资料，猎取知识，增长见识，开阔眼界。通过大量阅读，频繁地接触语言材料，可以自觉或不自觉地学到或掌握大量的词汇和语汇，进一步熟练阅读技术，提高阅读能力，培养阅读兴趣和习惯。 快速阅读的速度与理解的关系

现在许多参试人员平时学习中对英语快速阅读的认识不足，他们无论看什么英文材料，都只注重理解而不注意阅读速度，因而阅读的效率、水平都难以提高。这样一来，处理好阅读速度和理解之间的平衡关系是我们值得认真对待的一个实际问题。速度太快，理解上往往出现很大的困难；速度太慢，又浪费很多的时间和精力。

在处理这两者之间的关系中，要分为三个阶段。第一个阶段是筛选阶段。在我们阅读文章的过程中，首先筛选出对我们有利用价值的。每分钟的阅读速度可达800个字符，重点放在文章的标题和每段的第一句和最后一句上，基本上可对文章的中心、作者的意图有个20-30%的了解。在此基础上，进入第二阶段，也就是快速阅读阶段。就是说对我们已筛选出的信息作进一步的遴选，每分钟的阅读速度可保持在500个左右字符，达到70%的理解，再从中挑选出对我们有重要参考价值的内容来，然后进入第三阶段，也就是精研阶段。这一阶段，要达到90%以上的理解，力求准确把握作者的观点，融会贯通，根据其利用价值进行取舍。

主要讨论第二阶段，在提高阅读速度的初期，理解的降低是正常的，不必大惊小怪，只要继续以此速度读下去，就会发现理解会渐渐回升上来，达到原来速度时的理解水平。这里有一点必须注意，在理解水平还没有恢复到正常水平（至少要达到70%的理解）时，不要继续加快阅读速度。这二者的平衡在快速阅读的过程中是很重要的，不能过多的注意其中一项。我们应该明白，一分钟读400字符且达到了70%的理解比一分钟读200字符而达到90%的理解率效率高得多。理解了这一点，我们在阅读的过程中，就可以减少一些不必的担心，从而更好地提高自己的快速阅读的能力。

阅读过程中的障碍

阅读过程中的障碍 阅读行为习惯的影响

在阅读过程中，我们要有意识地克服行为上某些不良的阅读习惯。 1. 出声读 2. 逐字读 3. 默读 4. 指读 5. 回读

阅读中心理因素的影响

阅读时，除了克服不良的阅读习惯外，还要注意克服一些影响阅读和理解程度的不良心理因素：

1. 期望值过高

2. 过度重视阅读方法和技巧 3. 思想开小差

快速阅读的方法

面对繁杂的英语，要提高效率，就要有一定的方法。我认为唯有以泛读为基础，进行快速阅读的培养，才是一个行之有效的好方法。具体说来，要发现对自己有利用价值的信息，需要掌握如下方法： 推测（prediction）

阅读正文前，就标题（如果有标题的话）来合理推测资料的大概内容，也可在读了二、三段之后预测下段内容。这对快速理解和整体把握文章内容以及推测出生词的词义范围有积极的意义。因为英语单词一词多义现象太普遍了，一个单词在不同的专业领域往往含有不同的意思，甚至有的单词在同一专业领域在其意义的具体把握上也有细微的差别。

关键词句（key word and topic sentences）

在对文章的整体内容有了基本认识的基础上，我们学会抓主要的词句，找出段落中的主题句，从而正确领会文章的主要内容，并注意到是否对自己有利用价值。

略读或浏览或跳读（Skimming）

Skim有掠过的意思，又有从牛奶等液体上撇去的意思，转意为“快速掠过，从中提取最

容易取得的精华”。用于阅读，或译为略读，或译为泛读，似乎都未把其细微的意思译出。而这种读法却包含有原词的所有意思——快速读过去，取出读物中关键性的东西。因此，我们可以把这种读法理解为快速浏览课文，领会文章大意。一般而言，通过标题可知道文章的主题。对文章的首段和末段要多加注意，以便发现作者的观点。

查阅（Scanning）

Scanning的意思是扫读或查阅，是快读或速读的一种。Scan就是通常所说的“扫描”。其特点是快，但又要全部扫及。Scan这个词的词义似乎矛盾，它既可以理解为“仔细地审视”，也可以理解为“粗略地浏览”。这种情况倒成了扫读的绝好证明。从形式上看，扫读是粗粗地一扫而过，一目十行，但从读者的注意方面来看，却又是高度的集中，在快速阅读中仔细挑出重要的信息。因此，查阅可以理解为迅速找出文章中的有关事实细节或某一具体信息；有时要找出某一个单词或词组，如人名、地名、日期、价格等；有时要找出文中所述的某一特殊事件，而这一事件可能是由一个词或短语交代的。若不具备一定的能力，这样的细节恐不易发现。

速度变换（Readingrate）

我们要意识到阅读的速度是不均匀的。也就是说，即使同一个人阅读同一份材料，但由于阅读是一种有相当心理负荷的脑力劳动，因此在开始、中途和结束时的速度不可能一样。读物的体裁和难度不一样，阅读的速度也不同。我们不要过分焦虑自己的阅读速度，以免造成不必要的心理压力。随着速度的提高，理解的程度都有所降低，所以我们应认识到阅读文章时的速度是可以调节的，只有合适的速度才可能获得快速准确的阅读效率。

阅读习惯（Reading Habit）

从主观上要能克服注意力容易分散即所谓“思想开小差”的毛病，高度集中自己的注意力；从客观上克服各种无意中形成或由来以久的坏习惯，如摇头晃脑，抖动双腿，玩弄纸笔，念念有词等。这些“小动作”，也会分散注意力、影响思考，降低阅读速度。

怎样培养快速阅读的技巧 怎样培养快速阅读的技巧

读外文书籍要做到“一目十行”。 1. 视幅要宽 2. 视时要短 3. 意群要长

4. 利用上下文猜生词

充分利用上下文给出的线索，有些生词的意思是可以猜出来的。下面介绍一些基本方法： 1. 利用定义的线索

找到对它所下的定义或解释。 2. 利用同义的线索 3. 利用反义的线索

在某一生词的前面或后面有时会出现它的反义词或常用来对比的词语。 4. 利用常识猜测词义

5. 利用等式或符号猜测生词

英语快速阅读的培养不可能一天就学会和掌握，必须有一个循序渐进的过程。

在日常学习中，要有意识地按照精英快速阅读的要求进行大量的训练，制定出计划和严格的要求，一步一个脚印地进行。只要持之以恒，必然会见效。

英语阅读理解应试技巧

众所周知，阅读理解题的特点是题量大、分值高，对试卷整体分数起着决定性作用，处理不好，不仅得不到高分，还会占用过多时间，以致影响其他题型正常完成。做阅读理解题的理想状态时： 1、用时少。 2、正确率高。

阅读题的设计特点是：

1、看似松散，一般每篇只有四个问题，实则考查对文章中心思想的把握能力。

2、看似粗线条，根据文中具体信息便可判断正确答案，实则考查句意理解的精确度。 如何克服这两大困难，把我们的水平发挥到极致呢？教你几招：

一、抓住关键句，中心明如炬。

根据文章的布局谋篇，每段的首句大抵是本段的关键句，把这些句子连在一起，文章的中心便跃然而出。下面以一篇阅读理解为例做一示范。

本文共分四段，每段首句分别为：

第一段首句：Adrian's \"Amazing Race\" started early when his parents realized that he, as a baby, couldn't hear a thing, not even a loud noise. 第二段首句：Later on , Adrian's parents decided to send him to a regular school. 第三段首句：The efforts made by Adrian and his parents paid off. 第四段首句：But none of these achievements would have been possible without one of the most important lessons from his mother. 当我们把这四句话连起来时，发现意思非常明确，文路也很通畅。在连贯句意的同时我们会加上一些必要的推理。第一段说一个男孩从婴儿时就被发现双耳完全失聪，接下来第二段讲后来，他的父母决定送他去常规学校，可以推知在此之前一定参加过特殊学校的学习，肯定因为某种原因而决定改变学习模式。第三段说努力有了回报，说明在普通学校虽然困难重重，但终获成功。第四段讲妈妈在儿子成长过程中起关键作用，突出了文章的精神，即：伟大的母爱使看似不可能的事成为可能。文章的中心必然集中在此精神之上。

二、问题代入文，答案便现身。 本篇第一个问题是：

How did Adrian communicate with other children in the special school?

根据上文判断，此问题必然出在第一段，即Adrian 转入普通学校之前的事。看第一段很快找到问题出处，he learned sign language and got to mix with other disabled children. 句意：他学会手势语并和别的残疾的孩子混杂在一起。由此得出答案，B： using sign language.(使用手势语）

第二题，Adrian's parents decided to send him to a regular school because ________. 他的父母决定送他去普通学校是因为________.

这句话上文已提到，在第二段首句，他的父母后来决定送他去普通学校。这个原因也应该出在第一段，关键句是：She wanted him to lead a normal life. 所以答案应为A, they wanted him to live a normal life.

这种解题技巧的关键在于以下几点： 1、一定要先了解文章中心。

2、一定要把问题代入到文中去判断。

3、掌握此项技能可回避大量无用信息，节约大量时间和脑力，为顺利完成别的题型提供了更多的机会。

4、此项技能需要一定量的练习才可熟练操作，望以此为指导，认真练习。 5、文章难度越大、这种技能的威力也就越明显。

三、学会断长句，难句变容易。

很长的句子就每个句子的各个成分来看，和汉语大抵一致，而且英语的句意正好是由前向后推移，这说明只要我们善于断句，看懂每个断点处意思，顺着句子推下去，一定能够理解。

看下面的例句：

Research by Martin Seligman, founder of positive psychology, revealed that people who write “gratitude letters” to someone who made a difference in their lives score higher on Happiness, and lower on Depression -- and the effect lasts for weeks. 这个句子乍一看上去好像无处下手，甚至不得不一扫而过，不知所云。

但当你给它断了句之后会发现——Research /by Martin Seligman, /founder of positive psychology, /revealed /that people /who write “gratitude letters” /to someone /who made a difference /in their lives/ score higher /on Happiness, and lower /on Depression /-- and the effect lasts for weeks./

研究/ Martin Seligman的/ 积极心理学的创始人/ 披露 / 人们/ 这些人写感谢信/ 给某个人/ 这个人使之有所不同/ 在他们生活中/ 得分更高/ 在快乐上/ 更低/ 在压抑上/ 这个影响持续几个星期。

连起来就是这样的：一项研究，是由Martain Seligman作出的，这个人是积极心理学的创始人。研究披露，一些人写了感谢信给一个人，因为这个人使他们得生活中有了改变（好的改变），这些写感谢信的人将得到的快乐更多、压抑更低，并且这种影响会持续几个星期。

这样，一个疑难句子便顷刻变得句意明确。请注意，这个能力也是要在一定量的练习下才能使用的得心应手。

遇到难以判断、归纳的题怎么办？

1. 归纳、主旨题。 提问形式：

（1）What’s the story mainly about?

（2）What is the main idea of this passage? （3）From this passage we know ______. （4）The story mainly tells us ______. （5）What is the best title of this passage? （6）What is the author’s main purpose? 解决办法：

1. 要善于捕捉主题句、关键词信息。主题句的位置：首句，文中或末尾。 2. 要善于归纳段落中最根本，最有概括性的信息。 3. 排除干扰项，要分清主次。

实例分析： 题一：

Not everyone in the world requires the same amount of living space. The amount of space a person needs around him is a cultural difference, not an economic one. Knowing you own psychological space needs is important because they strongly affect you choices, including, for example, the number of bedrooms in the home. If you were brought up in a two-child family and both you and your sister or brother had your own bedrooms, the chances are, if you have two children or more, that you also will offer separate bedrooms for them. In America, for example, they train people to want to have their own rooms by giving them their own rooms when they are babies. This is very rare in the world. In many other countries, the baby sleeps in the same bed with his parents or in bed near them.

The space in the home also shows a lot about psychological space needs. Some families gather closer to each other and the size of their house has nothing to do with it. Others have separate little corners where family members go to be alone.

Although it is true that psychological space needs are not decided by economic reasons, they sometimes have to be changed a little because of economic pressures. It is almost impossible, however, to completely change your psychological space needs.

The best title for the passage is _______. A. American Way of Living B. Psychological Space

C. Space Needs in Different countries

D. Psychological Space and Economic Pressure

本文提出了生活空间的需求取决于心理空间需求的问题。如第一段所描述Not everyone in the world requires the same amount of living space. The amount of space a person needs around him is a cultural difference, not an economic one. Knowing you own psychological space needs is important because they strongly affect you choices, including, for example, the number of bedrooms in the home.

第二段：

The space in the home also shows a lot about psychological space needs. 进一步阐述心理空间所产生的结果。

第三段：

作者谈到经济压力会使你的心理空间带来一点点改变，但最后作者强调：It is almost impossible, however, to completely change your psychological space needs.

通读全文我们不难看出，选项B是对全文的提炼、概括、是全文的中心论点。 2. 深层理解：逻辑推断判断；作者意图

提问形式：

1. The passage suggests that _______.

2. We can infer from reading the passage ________.

3. As we can learn from the text, which of the following was ______. 4. We can conclude from the second paragraph _______. 5. The writer’s purpose in writing this passage seems to be _______.

解决办法：

1. 排除干扰项。干扰项的特点：扩大事实范围、缩小范围、文中已提到的事实、以次代主。 2. 要善于把握作者的语气，是严肃或轻松，幽默或讽刺，平和或激动，乐观或悲观。 3. 答案不是原句，但一定要能在原文中找到依据。并有深度的理解。 4. 特别要注意：不脱离原文，不凭自己的意愿推断。

实例分析： 题二：

Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of a lift operator or the uniform of a five-star general. Why are uniforms so popular in the United States?

Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian clothes. People have become conditioned to expect higher quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform is likely to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a hairdresser, or a waiter to lose professional identity than to step out of uniform?

Uniforms also have many practical good points. They often more comfortable and more lasting than civilian clothes.

Primary among the argument against uniforms is their lack of variety and the loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, until retirement. When

people look alike, they are likely to think, speak, and act similarly on the job at least.

Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems. Though they are long-lasting, often their initial expense is greater than the cost of a civilian clothes. Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many

types of civilian clothes.

It can be concluded from the passage that ________. A. people generally trust a person in uniform B. people enjoy wearing comfortable uniform C. the cost of the uniform is accepted to people D. people wear uniforms to show their professions

本文是议论文。话题：“制服”。

第一段：提出问题——美国人为什么对制服表现出如此地热衷和敬意。

第二、三段：陈述正面观点——人们认为穿制服更能体现出职业。这里面的职业是指具有专业技能。因此，人们对穿制服的工作人员就更加信任。

如文中所描述的：People have become conditioned to expect higher quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform is likely to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform.

第四、五段：提出反面意见——制服样式单调、不能体现个性、造价和清洗都比普通服装贵。

答案：

A. 根据文章的第二段内容，人们对穿制服的人非常信任因为他们具有良好的专业技术。（参照上面的分析。）

B. 人们喜欢穿舒适的制服。（文中虽提到了舒适是制服的优点之一。但这只是一个枝节，不是文章的主流。）

C. 制服的成本为人们所接受。（文中提到的恰好是反面观点，人们认为它造价昂贵。） D. 人们穿制服来表现出他们的职业。（这个选项过于趋于表面，没有深度。）

课后拓展练习

Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis was one of the most private women in the world, yet when she went to work as an editor in the last two decades of her life, she revealed (展现) herself as she did nowhere else.

After the death of her second husband, Greek shipping magnate (巨头) Aristotle Onassis, Jacqueline's close friend and former White House social secretary Letitia Baldrige made a suggestion that she consider a career(职业) in publishing. After consideration, Jacqueline accepted it. Perhaps she hoped to find there some ideas about how to live her own life. She became not less but more interested in reading. For the last 20 years of her life, Jacqueline worked as a publisher's editor，first at Viking, then at Doubleday, pursuing (追求) a late¬-life career longer than her two marriages combined. During her time in publishing, she was responsible for managing and editing

more than 100 successfully marketed books. Among the first books were In the Russian Style and Inventive Paris Clothes. She also succeeded in persuading TV hosts Bill Moyers and Joseph Campbell to transform their popular television conversations into a book, The Power of Myth. The book went on to become an international best¬seller. She dealt, too, with Michael Jackson as he prepared his autobiography (自传)，Moonwalk.

Jacqueline may have been hired for her name and for her social relations, but she soon proved her worth. Her choices, suggestions and widespread social relations were of benefit both to the publishing firms and to Jacqueline herself. In the books she selected for publication, she built on a lifetime of spending time by herself as a reader and left a record of the growth of her mind. Her books are the autobiography she never wrote.

Her role as First Lady,in the end,was over shadowed by her performance as an editor. However, few knew that she had achieved so much.

1.We can learn from the passage that Jacqueline_____________ . A.became fond of reading after working as an editor B.was in charge of publishing 100 books

C.promoted her books through social relations D.gained a lot from her career as an editor

2.The underlined sentence in the last paragraph probably means that_____________ . A.Jacqueline ended up as an editor rather than as First Lady B.Jacqueline's life as First Lady was more colorful than as an editor C.Jacqueline was more successful as an editor than as First Lady D.Jacqueline's role as First Lady was more brilliant than as an editor 3.What can be inferred from the passage? A. Jacqueline's two marriages lasted more than 20 years. B. Jacqueline's own publishing firm was set up eventually. C. Jacqueline's views and beliefs were reflected in the books she edited. D. Jacqueline's achievements were widely known. 4. The passage is mainly_____________ . A.an introduction of Jacqueline's life both as First Lady and as an editor B.a brief description of Jacqueline's lifelong experiences C.a brief account of Jacqueline's career as an editor in her last 20 years D.an analysis of Jacqueline's social relations in publishing

讲义参

题一：答案：B 题二：答案：A

课后拓展练习

答案：1-4 DCCC

1. 细节理解题。由短文第一段中的“...she went to work as an editor in the last two decades of her life, she revealed herself as she did nowhere else”可推出她在自己的编辑事业中获益很大。 2. 细节理解题。根据画线句后面的“然而，很少有人知道她取得了这么多成就”可知，画线句的含义是：她作为第一夫人的角色最终在她作为编辑的出色表现前黯然失色。

3. 推理判断题。由最后一段倒数第三句“Her books are the autobiography she never wrote.”即她编辑的书籍就是她从来没有写过的自传。由此可知，她的观点和信仰都反映在她所编辑的书籍中。

4. 主旨大意题。由短文第一段中“...as an editor in the last two decades of her life...”以及整篇文章的叙述可知，本文主要介绍Jacqueline 生命中最后20年的编辑生涯。