上海市建平中学2022届高三上学期开学考试英语试题 Word版含答案

II. Grammar and vocabulary Section A

Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

Nursing, as a typically female profession, must deal constantly with the false impression ___21___ nurses are there to wait on the position. As nurses, we ____22_____ (license) to provide nursing care only. We provide health teaching, and physical as well as emotional problems, coordinate patient- related services and make all our nursing decisions based upon what is ___23___(good) or suitable for the patient. If, in any

circumstance, we feel that a physician’s order is inappropriate or unsafe, we have a legal responsibility ____24____(question) that order, or refuse to carry it out.

Nursing is not a nine-to-five job __25__ every weekend off. All nurses are aware of that ___26___ they enter the profession. The emotional and physical stress, however, __27__ occurs due to hard working hours is a prime reason for a lot of the career dissatisfaction. It is sometimes required that we work overtime, and that we change shifts four or five times a month. That disturbs our personal lives and disrupts our sleeping and eating habits, isolating us from everything __28__ job-related friends and activities.

The quality of nursing care is being affected dramatically by these situations. Most hospitals are now staffed by new graduates because experienced nurses finally give up __29___(try) to change the system. If trends continue as ___30__(predict), they will find that most critical hospital care will be provided by new inexperienced and sometimes inadequately-trained nurses.

Section B

Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. blocking B. collectively C. contemporary D. digital E. fears F. heavily G. philosophy H. identify I. resolution J. socialize K. willingness “That which does not kill us makes us stronger.” But parents can’t handle it when teenagers put this 31 into practice. And now technology has become the new field for the age-old battle between adults and their freedom-craving kids.

Locked indoors, unable to get on their bicycles and hang out with their friends, teens have turned to social media and their mobile phones to 32 with their friends. What they do online often mirrors what they might otherwise do if their mobility wasn’t so 33 limited in the age of helicopter parenting. Social media and smart phones apps have become so popular in recent years. Teens want the freedom to explore their 34 and the world around them, so they jump online. As teens have moved online, parents have projected their 35 onto the Internet, imagining all the potential dangers that youth might face---from violent strangers to cruel peers.

Rather than helping teens develop strategies for discussing public life and the potential risks of interacting with others, fearful parents have focused on tracking, monitoring and 36 . These don’t help teens develop the skills they need to manage complex social situations, assess risks and get help when they’re in trouble. It gradually weakens the learning that teens need to do as they come of age in a technology-soaked world.

The key to helping youth handle 37 life isn’t more restrictions. It’s freedom — plus communication. Famed urban theorist Jane Jacobs used to argue that the safest neighborhoods were those where communities 38 took interest in and paid attention to what happened on the streets. Safety didn’t come from keeping everyone indoors but from a 39 to watch out for one another. The same is true online.

Teens need the freedom to wander the 40 street, but they also need to know that caring adults are behind them and supporting them wherever they go. III. Reading Comprehension Section A

Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.

When is an occupation a profession? There appears to no absolute definition, but only __41_

ways of looking at the issue, from historical, cultural, sociological, moral, political or philosophical perspectives. It is often said that professions are elites(精英) who undertake specialized, selfless work, according to moral codes and that their work is _42__ by examination and a license to practice. In _43__, however, they request complete control over a body of knowledge, freedom to practice, special rewards and higher financial and economic _44__.

The public needs experts and higher specialist advice, but because this advice is specialized they are not in a position to __45__ what advice they need: this has to be defined in conversation with the professional. Professional judgement could be __46__ with client(托付人) satisfaction since the latter cannot then be “the chief measure of whether the professional has acted in a trustworthy fashion.” Professional elites have __47__ potential; to export their power and reputation for economic goals; to allow research for the __48__ theoretical knowledge to become an end in itself; to lose sight of client well-being in the continuing split of specialist knowledge.

The higher a profession’s social status the more freedom it enjoys. Therefore, an occupation wanting to maintain or improve its status will try to keep as much an occupation __49__ as possible over its own affairs. As in so many other areas, socio-culture change has affected the professions considerably in recent years. Market forces and social pressures have focused professionals to be more __50__ about their modes of practice. In addition, information technology has enables the __51__ to become much better informed, and therefore more demanding. Moreover, developing in professional knowledge itself have forced a greater degree of specialization on experts, who constantly have to _52___ and do research to maintain their position.

Self-regulation then becomes an even more thing for a profession to maintain er extend. But in whose __53__? Is self-regulation used to enable a profession to properly practise without ____ interference, or is it used to maintain the status of the profession for its own ends? Or is it used to protect clients by appropriately __55__ those who have broken professional norms, or to protect the public image of the profession by concealing evidences that would damage it?

41. A. fair

B. normal

C. different D. separate 42. A. guaranteed B. measured

C. completed D. continued 43. A. return

B. comparison

C. conclusion

D. fact

44. A. importance B. status C. influence D. certificate 45. A. discover B. accept

C. realize

D. know 46. A. competing B. disagreeing C. contrasting D. mixing 47. A. negative B. creative C. significant D. wasted 48. A. necessary

B. abstract C. basic

D. background 49. A. independence B. control C. limitation D. value 50. A. definite B. formal

C. open

D. personal 51. A. public B. followers C. audience D. consumers 52. A. resign

B. recover C. retrain

D. resist 53. A. interests B. ideas C. proposals D. instructions . A. legal

B. logical

C. unlike

D. unsuitable 55. A. examining

B. separating

C. resetting

D. disciplining

Section B A

The Hawthorne experiment was conducted in the late 1920s and early 1930s. The management of Western Electric's Hawthorne plant, located near Chicago, wanted to find out if environmental factors, such as lighting, could affect workers' productivity and morale. A team of social scientists experimented with a small group of employees who were set apart from their coworkers. The environmental conditions of this group's work area were controlled, and the subjects themselves were closely observed. To the great surprise of the researchers, the productivity of these workers increased in response to any change in their environmental conditions. The rate of work increased even when the changes (such as a sharp decrease in the level of light in the workplace) seemed unlikely to have such an effect.

It was concluded that the presence of the observers had caused the workers in the experimental group to feel special. As a result, the employees came to know and trust one another, and they developed a strong belief in the importance of their job. The researchers believed that this, not the changes in the work environment, accounted for the increased productivity.

A later reanalysis of the study data challenged the Hawthorne conclusions on the grounds that the changes in patterns of human relations, considered so important by the original researchers, were

never measured. However, even if the original conclusions must be revised, they nonetheless raise a problem for social scientists: Research subjects who know they are being studied can change their behavior. Throughout the social sciences, this phenomenon has come to be called the Hawthorne effects.

contain six stories of state-of-the-art galleries, exhibition spaces, movie theaters and educational areas. Through groundbreaking exhibitions and innovative programming, the Museum will explore how Hollywood and the film industry have shaped culture and creativity around the world. Designed by Renzo Piano, the Academy Museum will be located next to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) campus in the landmarked Wilshire May Company Building.

To help ensure this long-held dream of the Academy becomes a reality, the Academy has

56. The author implies that a sharp decrease in light increased workers' output because A. the workers experienced less eyestrain in a dark working place B. the workers had to pay 1nore attention to what they were doing C. the workers knew they were being observed, and this motivated them D. the 11'orkers in the experiment were paid more than other workers

57. The pattern of organization of the second paragraph is A. list of items B. time order C. definition and example D. cause and effect

58. The Hawthorne experiment suggests that A. workers' attitudes are more important than their environment B. social scientists are good workers

C. productivity in electric plants tends to be low

D even those who were not y the experiment improved their productivity

59. The author’s main purpose is A. To explain the Hawthorne effect B. to prove the importance of research C. to amuse with a surprising experiment D. to suggest ideas for future research B

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60. The Academy of Motion Pictures is located A. in the downtown area of Los Angeles B. in the suburb of the city of Los Angeles C. in the Los Angeles County Museum of Art D. in the centre of Wilshire May Company

61. The Academy of Motion Pictures will focus on A. the exhibition of film equipment

B. the impact of film industry on world culture C. the popularity of Hollywood movie culture D. the achievements of American galleries and theatres

62. The passage is intended to . A. promote the Academy Museum and make movie history B. arouse people's interest in the Academy Museum C. raise enough money for the Academy Museum

D. help realize the Academy Museum founding supporters’ dreams C

To live in the United States today is to gain an appreciation for Dahrendorf’s declaration that social change exists everywhere. Technology, the application of knowledge for practical ends, is a major source of social change.

Yet we would do well to remind ourselves that technology is human creation; it does not exist naturally. A spear or a robot is as much a cultural as a physical object. Until human use a spear to hunt game or a robot to produce machine parts, neither is much more than a solid mass of matter. For a bird looking for an object on which to rest, a spear or robot serves the purpose equally well. The explosion of the Challenger space shuttle and the Russian nuclear accident at Chernobyl drive home the human quality of technology; they provide cases in which well-planned systems suddenly went haywire and there was no ready hand to set them right. Since technology is a human creation, we are responsible for what is done with it. Pessimists worry that we will use our technology eventually to blow our world and ourselves to pieces. But they have been saying this for decades, and so far we have managed to survive and even flourish. Whether we will continue to do so in the years ahead remains uncertain. Clearly, the impact of technology on our lives deserves a closer examination.

Few technological developments have had a greater impact on our lives than the computer revolution. Scientists and engineers have designed specialized machines that can do the tasks that once only people could do. There are those who declare that the switch to an information-based economy is in the same camp as other great historical milestones, particularly the industrial Revolution. Yet when we ask why the Industrial Revolution was a revolution, we find that it was not the machines. The primary reason why it was revolutionary is that it led to great social change. It gave rise to mass production and, through mass production, to a society in which wealth was not restricted to the few.

In somewhat similar fashion, computers promise to revolutionize the structure of American life particularly as they free the human mind and open new possibilities in knowledge and communication. The Industrial Revolution supplemented and replaced the muscles of humans and animals by mechanical methods. The computer extends this development to supplement and replace some aspects

of the mind of human beings by electronic methods. It is the capacity of the computer for solving problems and making decisions that represents its greatest potential and that poses the greatest difficulties in predicting impact on society.

63. Why does the author give the examples of the challenger and Chernobyl?

A. To show that technology could be used to destroy our world. B. To stress the author’s concern about the safety of complex technology. C. To prove that technology usually goes wrong, if not controlled by man.

D. To demonstrate that being a human creation, technology is likely to make an error

. What does the phrase “went haywire” in paragraph 2 most probably mean? A. were out of range B. went out of date C. fell out of use D. got out of control

65. According to the author, the introduction of the computer is a revolution mainly because A. the computer has revolutionized the workings of the human mind B. the computer can do the tasks that could only be done by people before C. it has helped to switch to an information technology D. it has a great potential impact on society

66. In the passage, the author clearly shows his A. keen insight into the nature of technology

B. sharp criticism of the role of the Industrial Revolution

C. thorough analysis of the replacement of the human mind by computers D. comprehensive description of the negative consequences of technology Section C

Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

A. In large settings, people reported feeling more powerful and were likelier to steal money, cheat on a test, evens. ______70_______ and commit traffic violations. B. How honest a person is depends mainly on his or her personality. C. This held true even when people were role-playing—that is, they weren’t rich in real life. IV. Summary Writing Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the

D. When Dutch psychologist Gerben van Kleef asked study participants that question, most chose the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. second accountant. E. Researchers find it very common among “successful” people but can’t explain why. Judging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an

F. The more wins, the higher the hormones, the greater the confidence boost, the bigger the risks, and so on. epidemic (流行病) of sleepiness in the nation. “I can’t think of a single study that hasn’t found

Picture two accountants alerted to suspicious entries in the books. The first takes the violation seriously. The second thinks it’s not a big deal. Who has more power? _____67_____ Powerful people break the rules—therefore, breaking rules makes one seem more powerful.

“In its modest form, rule breaking is actually healthy,” says Zhen Zhang of Arizona State University. He found that relatively minor violations during adolescence—damaging property, playing hooky—predicted an admired occupation: entrepreneur.

When young men, in particular, take risks that succeed, testosterone levels surge. The hormone may underlie the “winner effect,” say researchers John Coates and Joe Herbert of the University of Cambridge, who tracked the hormonal activity of stock option traders (again, all male) over their good and bad days in the market._____68_____

But at a certain point, risk taking can become illogical. This can cause “ethical numbing(道德麻木).” Consider Steve Jobs: As Apple grew, so did lawsuits against it, like those over patents. Being wealthy has a moral effect on both genders. Studies have found that the

$150,000-plus-per-year set was four times as likely to cheat as those making less than $15,000 a year when playing a game to win $50. The rich didn’t stop for pedestrians at a crosswalk nearly as often as less-wealthy drivers. ______69_______That’s because environment—not personality—encourage rule breaking, argues Andy Yap, a behavioral scientist. Yap and his colleagues asked volunteers to sit in an SUV-size driver’s seat versus a crowded one or an

executive-size office space versus a cubicle(小隔间) and then tested their responses to various moral

Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say is the complexity of the day. Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community mount, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on his programme. “In our society, you’re considered dynamic if you say you only need 5.5 hours’ sleep. If you’re got to get 8.5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition.”

To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. “We’ve found that if you’re in sleep deficit, performance suffers,” says Dr. David. “Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make light bulb a century ago. From diary entries and other personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries, sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night. “The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark.” By the 1950s and 1960s, the sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically, to between 7.5 and eight hours, and most people had to wake to an alarm clock. “People cheat on their sleep, and they don’t even realize they’re doing it,” says Dr. David. “They think they’re okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours, when they really need 7.5, eight or even more to feel ideally vigorous.”

Americans getting less sleep than they ought to,” says Dr. David. Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more rest.

The beginning of our sleep-deficit (睡眠不足) crisis can be traced to the invention of the

decisions and to concentrate.”

第II卷

V. Translation

Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 72. 在公园里玩耍的孩子们让老人想起了他欢快的童年。(remind)

73. 他所递交的理由很有说服力，所以经理同意重新考虑他的提议。(persuasive) 74. 只有在自然灾难发生的时候，你才会真正了解到大自然的威力。(Only) 75. 当地已经广而告之新的交规，这对城市形象和平安很有好处。(publicize)

VI. Guided Writing

Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.

在李华18岁生日即将到来之际，他父亲预备送他一份生日礼物，为此，他特意征求了李华的意见。假如你是李华，你会选择哪份礼物，阐述你选择这份礼物的缘由。 1. Iphone7s 2. a trip to London

3. an experience as a volunteer

参和解析

21. that: 考察名从，that引导impression的同位语从句

22. are licensed: 考察固搭：be licensed to do sth. 被许可做某事；license sb. to do sth. 许可某人做某事

23. the best: 考察语义，what后从句作on的宾语从句，句意：护士会尽量去做 出一切能够对病人最有益的护理措施。最高级在good消灭时考察较多，常 见有：尽最大力量去做某事；

做出最好的打算等。

24. to question: 考察固搭。have a responsibility to do sth.

25. with: 考察介词和语义。“护士不是一份朝九晚五的工作并且也不是每周末都 能够休息。”off: 离开，不工作，with 在这里可以理解为“有”。

26. before/ when: 考察状语从句。依据语义“全部护士在入职之前都能够意识到 这一点（工作辛苦）。”推断出是时间状语从句，用相应的连接词。

27. which: 考查定语从句。“身心上的压力发生往往是由于..........”，The emotional

and

physical stress 作为先行词，指物，从句缺少主语，而however作为插入 语在从句中不做成分，不构成非限，因此that和which都可以，但是为了更 加精确，建议给同学供应which这个答

案。

28. except：考察语义。“工作时间扰乱我们的个人生活以及饮食和作息时间，把 我们和全部事情都隔绝，除了与工作有关的伴侣和活动。” 29. trying：考察固搭。give up doing

30. predicted：考察固搭。as predicted像预期的那样，此类搭配还有：as excepted

主要词汇解析：A. blocking v. block的现在分词，阻挡。 B. collectively adv. 全体地，共同地。F. heavily adv. 在很大程度上；沉重地。H. identity n. 身份。

31. G 31空前有代词this, 并且指开头那句“灭不掉我的是我强大。”，推断出此处应是名词，

最合适的是G“哲理” 32. J “由于被锁在家中，与他人交往受限，所以青少年倾向于用手机和他们的伴侣.......” 推断出32空应是动词并且为原型，因此只有J合适“与...交往；社交”

33. F so+a./adv 表示太......,后面的limited是动词，因此此处缺少副词，依据句意“青少年的

活动受到望子成龙父母的极大”，强调的是一种程度，因此F更合适

34. H 依据34后and 推断出链接两个并列的成分，the world是名词，所以34可以断定缺 少名词，待选项H,I,K,依据句意“青少年渴望拥有自由去探究自己是什么样的一种身份

以及四周的环境”，因此选H

35. E 依据project their_____, their是形容词性物主代词，初步判定后面缺少名词，又结合后

半句“父母会设想孩子们在网络中会遇到的危急”，这是一种恐惊心理，所以选择E

36. A and连接并列结构，and前词意“跟踪、监控”，所以此处也应当补充一个同类型的词，

只有A合适，“有这些恐惊心理的家长会跟踪，监控并且阻挡孩子（使用网络）”

37. C “处理________生活”，推断出缺少形容词，因此用C现代生活

38. B “最平安的社区是那种有着共同的爱好并且随时关注街道的状况的地方”，took是动 词，要用副词来修饰

39. K “a___”横线应用名词，又“not.....but...”表示前后相反，“平安不是把每个人关在房 间里

而是自觉相互留意的一种意愿”

40. D “青少年需要有点自由在____街道上闲游”，通篇讲孩子将自己沉醉在网络中，因此这里用与之相关的词digital，数码的，数字的

41. C but表转折，说明前后意思相反，前面说没有确定的定义，后面from.....perspectives：

从....方面来看，可知对于occupation和profession有各种不同的见解，因此用different

42+43. A ,A 首先，依据43空后however课推断出前后两句有转折，43后半句“这些精英能 够享有工作的自由，嘉奖，高额的经济酬劳和较高的经济地位。”看出，从从事profession/ 工作的人可以得到这些好处，因此，42所在那句应当是他们应当付出的是什么。“他们

的工作由各种考试以及许可证做担保”，意思是只有通过了这些考核，才能成为 profession

的工作。所以43考察短语in return ,作为回报。

44. B 语义题。经济地位

45. D but表转折。“人们需要权威专家的建议，但是又由于这些建议专业性极高以至于他们

不清楚（不知道）他们自己需要什么样的建议”

46. 公众由于不清楚自己需要什么样的建议，这种状况下会去求助相关人士（托付人），而 托付人对于专业人士的建议有时不那么认同即disagreeing. 本题较难，可以使用排解法。 competing 有竞争性的， contrasting有对比性的， mixing混合的，明显这三个词放在

句子中都不通顺，而be disagreeing with 有“与...不符合”的含义，是固搭。

47. A 冒号起解释说明的作用，依据分析，后面讲的都是专业精英的私语，因此填negative 48. A 运用排解法。“_____的理论学问”只有“必要的理论学问”说得通 49. B 考察固搭。 keep/ have control over

50. C 语义题。市场和社会施压让专业人士的工作模式更加面对公众。 51. A In addition, 顺承上文，另外，信息科技使得公众能够准时接受信息。

52. C resign辞职 retrain 再训练。 “而且，专业领域学问的不断丰富迫使专业人士要必需

不停地去_____以及做争辩，一次来保证他们的地位”依据constantly课确定只有B最 合适

53. A 依据下文可知这里说的是“自我调整即自我充实连续学习对于专家巩固自己现有地位

来说变得格外重要了。但是为了谁的利益呢？”

. D without 否定词，说明前后相反properly适当的，因此后面填意思与它相反的词，只

有D最合适

55. D 55后是个定从“那些打破了专业领域规范的人”，既然这些人破坏了法规，那就要让

他们“懂法规”“给点颜色看看”，因此用discipline 惩罚，使法规，使有纪律。

56-59 CDAA 60-62 ABC 63-66 DDDA 67-69 DFCA