癌症病人的心理社会支持概述

difficult, not hating; blueprints, not rhetoric; words and simple, but full of love, truth, passion, entrepreneurial passion. Take this opportunity, my inspirational quotes Li Dazhao's classic \"iron specialise in uplifting blend with the article\" gave everyone, with a view on how to do well under the new situation of township and village leaders inspire and help, and also share with you. A good play to create iron shoulders strong arms, to assume the burden be passed; only specific qualities, will it be possible in specific areas to create a world. In my view, village chiefs in the new situation, we must first have five basic quality. One ambition is to pioneer. \"Who is handsome.\" People only high-minded can stimulate the flow of momentum to become brave and persistent, become quiet and powerful. Township and village party \"leaders\hin their respective jurisdictions, political stability and economic and social development issues, decisions and orientation depends to a large extentbecause of your. Everybody in village chiefs and the positions, both the trust of the masses, the Organization's trust, more ability to you, fully affirmed the moral and other qualities. Therefore, we must always maintain the historical mission and social responsibility, and our ideal tree rooted in the hard work of the soil, with indomitable spirit, indomitable courage to open up a new situation of villages and towns. To have a feeling of closeness to the second. \"The people and country.\" Our business foundation in the people's blood in the people power people. Advanced decisions of the party cadres to the feelings of the people is an eternal theme. Fan Zhong-yan, called \"first, and enjoy comfort about others\Banqiao's also wrote a \"Ya Chai lay listening to the rustling of bamboo, the suspect is suffering. Cao County officials, little my, a total turn off. \"Old of feudal official even has so feelings, alone we is to\" serving \"for purposes of people servant does? we more should always hold with on people of deep feelings, heart Department masses of leading visited tea, care masses of emotions thoughts complained, always insisted put masses of interests put in first, consciously from itself do up, from small do up, from masses most care, and most directly, and most reality of interests problem grabbed, real do love for people by Department, and right for people by with, and Lee for people by conspiracy to. Three with the fame of mind. \"Non-indifferent not insist your dream, without serenity not go far.\" Ascension to fame is morality, is the sublimation of the soul. As ownship and village, be sure to maintain a normal state of mind, establish a correct viewpoint on power, position and values and Outlook, as fame is light like water, depending ... 50 km, also red and like hundreds of thousands of the KMT military combat, but he went on to collect a variety of newspapers and magazines, and then race against time to pore over. As long as the study of mind, it is not necessary to come to the library, workshops, into the villages, people learned farming techniques, problem-solving methods, participation in 癌症患者心理社会支持

普外科 郑丽仙

癌症是当前威胁人类生命最严重的一类疾病，它的发生、发展并非单一因素决定的，除了由外界环境因素中的致癌物质引起外，还与多种因素相互作用有关。近20年来，国内外大量的研究表明，社会心理因素在癌症的发生、发展和转归过程中起到十分重要的作用。目前，社会心理肿瘤学已经作为一个专门的学科，成为临床肿瘤学的新专业。世界卫生组织也明确地将癌症列为一种与生活方式有关的疾病，属于心身疾病范畴。早在70年代，许多先进国家的社会学及心理学专家就已加入到对癌症病人的整体治疗及支持中，对癌症病人的心理社会支持已成为临床治疗及护理的重要组成部分。我国对于肿瘤心理学的研究起步较晚，对癌症病人临床中所出现的相关心理、社会问题缺乏专业化的干预。在癌症综合治疗中，心理社会学的干预是不可缺少的。在对癌症病人的治疗团队中，除医护人员外，社会、心理学家也应成为团队成员之一。我们医生和护士在临床治疗及护理中应学习和掌握癌症病人的心理、社会支持的方法，将癌症病人的心理康复作为临床医疗护理计划中的一个组成部分，以促进癌症病人的心身全面康复，提高癌症病人的生存质量。 一、 癌症病人心理社会支持的相关概念

（一）心理治疗

心理治疗（Psychotherapy）又称精神疗法，是同躯体治疗相对应的一类治疗的总称。关于心理治疗的确定意义，心理治疗家们尚无

onferences, learned superiors policies; reports, you can learn to deal with problems, art, just wanted to learn, to learn at any time. To continuously expand the scope of the study. The complexity and comprehensiveness of our work, decided to not only do we want to be \"professionals\different areas of knowledge. Mastery of knowledge not only to have knowledge to rational analysis. This on requirements we, not only to learning national of route, and approach, and policy, also to learning national of legal, and regulations; not only to with political theory armed mind, also to with economic theory guide work; not only to read history, also to read history; not only to absorption SM of mirror, also to gets is of road; not only to from local learn, also to to outside learn; not only to to books learn, also to field study learn. Therefore, I would encourage you, and more to the outside world when I have time to take a look at, take a stroll, outside developments, learn other people's development approach, and then come back to guide our work. Second, we must think. \"Learning without thought to overshadow, thinking without learning is perilous.\" We want to foster the character of advancing with the times, forge ahead, often reflect themselves in adapting to the new situation on whether there are delays, have anything to fear in the reform and innovation, whether in terms of accelerating the development of a relaxation, keep promising State of mind. In order to do investigations, investigations is the road to heaven, God disposes of the base. To wants to real heard truth, and justice to truth, and get truth, received effectiveness, on must in-depth actual, and outreach, and in-depth masses, worship masses for Division, and masses heart, with masses with discussion everyone care of problem, listening hey of calls, understand they of mood, feel they of suffering, summary they of experience, concentrated they of wisdom, especially on masses mosthope, and most urgent, and most worries, and most complained of hot, and difficulties and focus problem, more to active research, caught not put. Dare to innovate, in our work, often remain \"the old way doesn't work, the new approach would not\" situation, the reason, the key is that many people know that copying other people's ideas, mechanically, using someone else's old ways. To change this predicament, requires us to break the shackles of traditional concepts to overcome conservative, conformist, good at finding new problems and to acceptnew things, summarize new experience, new ideas, developing new programmes and Maverick, a new approach to solve problems, speed up development. Especially in implement superior policy spirit of process in the, both implementation, and cannot mechanically, to to extraordinary of courage and develop enterprising of spirit, put flexibility and principle combined up, put superior of spirit and local reality combined up, Yong conspiracy to breakthrough of policy, and exercise innovation of lift, developed out development works of, and grass-roots welcomes ofdifficult, not hating; blueprints, not rhetoric; words and simple, but full of love, truth, passion, entrepreneurial passion. Take this opportunity, my inspirational quotes Li Dazhao's classic \"iron specialise in uplifting blend with the article\" gave everyone, with a view on how to do well under the new situation of township and village leaders inspire and help, and also share with you. A good play to create iron shoulders strong arms, to assume the burden be passed; only specific qualities, will it be possible in specific areas to create a world. In my view, village chiefs in the new situation, we must first have five basic quality. One ambition is to pioneer. \"Who is handsome.\" People only high-minded can stimulate the flow of momentum to become brave and persistent, become quiet and powerful. Township and village party \"leaders\hin their respective jurisdictions, political stability and economic and social development issues, decisions and orientation depends to a large extentbecause of your. Everybody in village chiefs and the positions, both the trust of the masses, the Organization's trust, more ability to you, fully affirmed the moral and other qualities. Therefore, we must always maintain the historical mission and social responsibility, and our ideal tree rooted in the hard work of the soil, with indomitable spirit, indomitable courage to open up a new situation of villages and towns. To have a feeling of closeness to the second. \"The people and country.\" Our business foundation in the people's blood in the people power people. Advanced decisions of the party cadres to the feelings of the people is an eternal theme. Fan Zhong-yan, called \"first, and enjoy comfort about others\Banqiao's also wrote a \"Ya Chai lay listening to the rustling of bamboo, the suspect is suffering. Cao County officials, little my, a total turn off. \"Old of feudal official even has so feelings, alone we is to\" serving \"for purposes of people servant does? we more should always hold with on people of deep feelings, heart Department masses of leading visited tea, care masses of emotions thoughts complained, always insisted put masses of interests put in first, consciously from itself do up, from small do up, from masses most care, and most directly, and most reality of interests problem grabbed, real do love for people by Department, and right for people by with, and Lee for people by conspiracy to. Three with the fame of mind. \"Non-indifferent not insist your dream, without serenity not go far.\" Ascension to fame is morality, is the sublimation of the soul. As ownship and village, be sure to maintain a normal state of mind, establish a correct viewpoint on power, position and values and Outlook, as fame is light like water, depending ... 50 km, also red and like hundreds of thousands of the KMT military combat, but he went on to collect a variety of newspapers and magazines, and then race against time to pore over. As long as the study of mind, it is not necessary to come to the library, workshops, into the villages, people learned farming techniques, problem-solving methods, participation in 一致的意见。梁宝勇、王栋主编的《医学心理学》中介绍了心理治疗家Frank于1973年提出的定义：心理治疗是受过专业训练的、为社会认可的治疗者，通过一系列目的明确的接触或交往，对患有疾病或遭受痛苦并寻求解脱的人所施加的一类社会性影响。杜文东主编的《医学心理学教程》中指出：心理治疗包括各种器质性或功能性心理障碍的治疗技术，狭义和通俗的说，是指医生通过有计划、有步骤的交谈方式，影响病人的精神活动，使病人认识到发病原因、临床表现和疾病的过程，指导病人发挥主观能动性，树立战胜疾病的信心，从而促进健康的恢复。黄丽、罗健主编的《肿瘤心理治疗》一书中的定义为：心理治疗是以医学心理治疗的各种理论体系为指导，以良好的医患关系为桥梁，应用各种心理学技术，包括通过医护人员的言语、表情、行为或通过某些仪器以及一定的训练程序，改善病人的心理条件，增强抗病能力，以消除心身症状。肿瘤病人的心理支持，运用了心理治疗的某些方法，对肿瘤病人的心理行为进行干预，其目的是增强病人对疾病的应对能力，有效缓解病人在诊断、治疗、康复中出现的心理问题。许多研究表明心理行为干预对减轻肿瘤病人的疾病症状及治疗引起的副作用均有意义。心理支持在提高肿瘤病人整体生活质量、改善免疫功能及延长生存期等方面起到重要作用。

（二）社会支持

当一个人发生重大危机时，正是需要社会支持系统发挥功效的时机。对此，随着社会的进步，更显示出其独特的作用。癌症是一种严

onferences, learned superiors policies; reports, you can learn to deal with problems, art, just wanted to learn, to learn at any time. To continuously expand the scope of the study. The complexity and comprehensiveness of our work, decided to not only do we want to be \"professionals\different areas of knowledge. Mastery of knowledge not only to have knowledge to rational analysis. This on requirements we, not only to learning national of route, and approach, and policy, also to learning national of legal, and regulations; not only to with political theory armed mind, also to with economic theory guide work; not only to read history, also to read history; not only to absorption SM of mirror, also to gets is of road; not only to from local learn, also to to outside learn; not only to to books learn, also to field study learn. Therefore, I would encourage you, and more to the outside world when I have time to take a look at, take a stroll, outside developments, learn other people's development approach, and then come back to guide our work. Second, we must think. \"Learning without thought to overshadow, thinking without learning is perilous.\" We want to foster the character of advancing with the times, forge ahead, often reflect themselves in adapting to the new situation on whether there are delays, have anything to fear in the reform and innovation, whether in terms of accelerating the development of a relaxation, keep promising State of mind. In order to do investigations, investigations is the road to heaven, God disposes of the base. To wants to real heard truth, and justice to truth, and get truth, received effectiveness, on must in-depth actual, and outreach, and in-depth masses, worship masses for Division, and masses heart, with masses with discussion everyone care of problem, listening hey of calls, understand they of mood, feel they of suffering, summary they of experience, concentrated they of wisdom, especially on masses mosthope, and most urgent, and most worries, and most complained of hot, and difficulties and focus problem, more to active research, caught not put. Dare to innovate, in our work, often remain \"the old way doesn't work, the new approach would not\" situation, the reason, the key is that many people know that copying other people's ideas, mechanically, using someone else's old ways. To change this predicament, requires us to break the shackles of traditional concepts to overcome conservative, conformist, good at finding new problems and to accept new things, summarize new experience, new ideas, developing new programmes and Maverick, a new approach to solve problems, speed up development. Especially in implement superior policy spirit of process in the, both implementation, and cannot mechanically, to to extraordinary of courage and develop enterprising of spirit, put flexibility and principle combined up, put superior of spirit and local reality combined up, Yong conspiracy to breakthrough of policy, and exercise innovation of lift, developed out development works of, and grass-roots welcomes ofdifficult, not hating; blueprints, not rhetoric; words and simple, but full of love, truth, passion, entrepreneurial passion. Take this opportunity, my inspirational quotes Li Dazhao's classic \"iron specialise in uplifting blend with the article\" gave everyone, with a view on how to do well under the new situation of township and village leaders inspire and help, and also share with you. A good play to create iron shoulders strong arms, to assume the burden be passed; only specific qualities, will it be possible in specific areas to create a world. In my view, village chiefs in the new situation, we must first have five basic quality. One ambition is to pioneer. \"Who is handsome.\" People only high-minded can stimulate the flow of momentum to become brave and persistent, become quiet and powerful. Township and village party \"leaders\hin their respective jurisdictions, political stability and economic and social development issues, decisions and orientation depends to a large extentbecause of your. Everybody in village chiefs and the positions, both the trust of the masses, the Organization's trust, more ability to you, fully affirmed the moral and other qualities. Therefore, we must always maintain the historical mission and social responsibility, and our ideal tree rooted in the hard work of the soil, with indomitable spirit, indomitable courage to open up a new situation of villages and towns. To have a feeling of closeness to the second. \"The people and country.\" Our business foundation in the people's blood in the people power people. Advanced decisions of the party cadres to the feelings of the people is an eternal theme. Fan Zhong-yan, called \"first, and enjoy comfort about others\Banqiao's also wrote a \"Ya Chai lay listening to the rustling of bamboo, the suspect is suffering. Cao County officials, little my, a total turn off. \"Old of feudal official even has so feelings, alone we is to\" serving \"for purposes of people servant does? we more should always hold with on people of deep feelings, heart Department masses of leading visited tea, care masses of emotions thoughts complained, always insisted put masses of interests put in first, consciously from itself do up, from small do up, from masses most care, and most directly, and most reality of interests problem grabbed, real do love for people by Department, and right for people by with, and Lee for people by conspiracy to. Three with the fame of mind. \"Non-indifferent not insist your dream, without serenity not go far.\" Ascension to fame is morality, is the sublimation of the soul. As ownship and village, be sure to maintain a normal state of mind, establish a correct viewpoint on power, position and values and Outlook, as fame is light like water, depending ... 50 km, also red and like hundreds of thousands of the KMT military combat, but he went on to collect a variety of newspapers and magazines, and then race against time to pore over. As long as the study of mind, it is not necessary to come to the library, workshops, into the villages, people learned farming techniques, problem-solving methods, participation in 重影响人的生理—心理—社会平衡的应激因素，除对病人提供良好的治疗及护理外，心理及社会支持对癌症病人是不可忽视的。能否为病人建立一个有效的社会支持系统，关系到病人的治疗效果及生存质量。1983年Wallstondeng等认为社会支持是个体通过正式、非正式的途径与他人或群体接触，并获得信息、安慰及保证。应激缓冲模型认为，社会支持本身对健康无直接影响，而是通过个体对生活事件的应对能力和顺应能力起到对健康的保护作用。社会支持系统涉及面较广，仅就向癌症病人提供心理、情感及医疗护理、照护的支持而言，包括家庭、亲朋好友、医务人员、志愿者、工作单位（领导及同事）、社区及提供各类服务的支持机构。所有这些支持方式的基本目的都是为了保证癌症病人在生存的各个阶段不至于因为患病而丧失基本的生存条件，维持癌症病人最佳的生理及身体健康状态。在实际支持中，不同的支持方式有不同的特点，每种支持方式都是根据各自社会支持系统中承担的角色及义务，满足癌症病人的特殊需求。鉴于中国的传统观念，家庭支持仍是社会支持中一种最基本的支持形式，良好的家庭支持可以影响病人的行为。当家庭成员提供照护时，可以增强病人的自尊和被爱的感觉，起到相互协调，共同面对疾病的作用。随着现代家庭模式的建立，家庭支持的这一基本形式受到挑战，这就需要社会支持系统中其他成员及机构将发挥越来越重要的作用，社会支持的个体不单单是癌症病人而且也包括他的家庭。

国外学者把社会支持分为两大类，即客观的、可见的或实际支持，包括物质上的直接援助和社会网络、团体关系的存在和参与，后者是

onferences, learned superiors policies; reports, you can learn to deal with problems, art, just wanted to learn, to learn at any time. To continuously expand the scope of the study. The complexity and comprehensiveness of our work, decided to not only do we want to be \"professionals\different areas of knowledge. Mastery of knowledge not only to have knowledge to rational analysis. This on requirements we, not only to learning national of route, and approach, and policy, also to learning national of legal, and regulations; not only to with political theory armed mind, also to with economic theory guide work; not only to read history, also to read history; not only to absorption SM of mirror, also to gets is of road; not only to from local learn, also to to outside learn; not only to to books learn, also to field study learn. Therefore, I would encourage you, and more to the outside world when I have time to take a look at, take a stroll, outside developments, learn other people's development approach, and then come back to guide our work. Second, we must think. \"Learning without thought to overshadow, thinking without learning is perilous.\" We want to foster the character of advancing with the times, forge ahead, often reflect themselves in adapting to the new situation on whether there are delays, have anything to fear in the reform and innovation, whether in terms of accelerating the development of a relaxation, keep promising State of mind. In order to do investigations, investigations is the road to heaven, God disposes of the base. To wants to real heard truth, and justice to truth, and get truth, received effectiveness, on must in-depth actual, and outreach, and in-depth masses, worship masses for Division, and masses heart, with masses with discussion everyone care of problem, listening they of calls, understand they of mood, feel they of suffering, summary they of experience, concentrated they of wisdom, especially on masses mosthope, and most urgent, and most worries, and most complained of hot, and difficulties and focus problem, more to active research, caught not put. Dare to innovate, in our work, often remain \"the old way doesn't work, the new approach would not\" situation, the reason, the key is that many people know that copying other people's ideas, mechanically, using someone else's old ways. To change this predicament, requires us to break the shackles of traditional concepts to overcome conservative, conformist, good at finding new problems and to accept new things, summarize new experience, new ideas, developing new programmes and Maverick, a new approach to solve problems, speed up development. Especially in implement superior policy spirit of process in the, both implementation, and cannot mechanically, to to extraordinary of courage and develop enterprising of spirit, put flexibility and principle combined up, put superior of spirit and local reality combined up, Yong conspiracy to breakthrough of policy, and exercise innovation of lift, developed out development works of, and grass-roots welcomes ofdifficult, not hating; blueprints, not rhetoric; words and simple, but full of love, truth, passion, entrepreneurial passion. Take this opportunity, my inspirational quotes Li Dazhao's classic \"iron specialise in uplifting blend with the article\" gave everyone, with a view on how to do well under the new situation of township and village leaders inspire and help, and also share with you. A good play to create iron shoulders strong arms, to assume the burden be passed; only specific qualities, will it be possible in specific areas to create a world. In my view, village chiefs in the new situation, we must first have five basic quality. One ambition is to pioneer. \"Who is handsome.\" People only high-minded can stimulate the flow of momentum to become brave and persistent, become quiet and powerful. Township and village party \"leaders\hin their respective jurisdictions, political stability and economic and social development issues, decisions and orientation depends to a large extentbecause of your. Everybody in village chiefs and the positions, both the trust of the masses, the Organization's trust, more ability to you, fully affirmed the moral and other qualities. Therefore, we must always maintain the historical mission and social responsibility, and our ideal tree rooted in the hard work of the soil, with indomitable spirit, indomitable courage to open up a new situation of villages and towns. To have a feeling of closeness to the second. \"The people and country.\" Our business foundation in the people's blood in the people power people. Advanced decisions of the party cadres to the feelings of the people is an eternal theme. Fan Zhong-yan, called \"first, and enjoy comfort about others\Banqiao's also wrote a \"Ya Chai lay listening to the rustling of bamboo, the suspect is suffering. Cao County officials, little my, a total turn off. \"Old of feudal official even has so feelings, alone we is to\" serving \"for purposes of people servant does? we more should always hold with on people of deep feelings, heart Department masses of leading visited tea, care masses of emotions thoughts complained, always insisted put masses of interests put in first, consciously from itself do up, from small do up, from masses most care, and most directly, and most reality of interests problem grabbed, real do love for people by Department, and right for people by with, and Lee for people by conspiracy to. Three with the fame of mind. \"Non-indifferent not insist your dream, without serenity not go far.\" Ascension to fame is morality, is the sublimation of the soul. As ownship and village, be sure to maintain a normal state of mind, establish a correct viewpoint on power, position and values and Outlook, as fame is light like water, depending ... 50 km, also red and like hundreds of thousands of the KMT military combat, but he went on to collect a variety of newspapers and magazines, and then race against time to pore over. As long as the study of mind, it is not necessary to come to the library, workshops, into the villages, people learned farming techniques, problem-solving methods, participation in 稳定的社会关系，如非正式团体、暂时性社会交际等的大小和可获得的程度，这类支持于个体的感受，是客观存在的现实。另一类是主观体验到的或情感上的支持，指个体在社会中受尊重、被支持、理解的情感体验和满意程度，与个体的主观感受密切相关。对于两类支持的重要性，学者们有不同的看法。多数学者认为感受到的支持比客观的支持更有意义，因为感受到的支持虽不是客观存在，但是“被感知到的现实都是心理现实，而正是心理的现实作为实际的变量影响人的行为和发展”。

癌症的心身医学问题

心身疾病的研究得力于心身医学的进展。心身医学的概念是20世纪初提出并随之发展起来的。随着科学技术的不断发展，医学科学正在由“生物医学模式”向“生物—心理—社会模式”转变 ，人们已开始认识到任何躯体疾病都有其心理根源，那种认为在心理和躯体之间存在着截然分界的观点已经过时了。心身医学是医学心理学的一个组成部分，又是整个医学中的一个重要分支学科。心身疾病的研究，是现代医学的重要课题，受到国内外医学家们的重视。心身疾病已越来越成为威胁人类健康的主要来源。心身疾病得到控制，可以极大的改善人类生命的质量。癌症属于心身疾病之一，许多研究表明，社会心理因素在癌症的发生、发展和预后起着重要作用。

onferences, learned superiors policies; reports, you can learn to deal with problems, art, just wanted to learn, to learn at any time. To continuously expand the scope of the study. The complexity and comprehensiveness of our work, decided to not only do we want to be \"professionals\different areas of knowledge. Mastery of knowledge not only to have knowledge to rational analysis. This on requirements we, not only to learning national of route, and approach, and policy, also to learning national of legal, and regulations; not only to with political theory armed mind, also to with economic theory guide work; not only to read history, also to read history; not only to absorption SM of mirror, also to gets is of road; not only to from local learn, also to to outside learn; not only to to books learn, also to field study learn. Therefore, I would encourage you, and more to the outside world when I have time to take a look at, take a stroll, outside developments, learn other people's development approach, and then come back to guide our work. Second, we must think. \"Learning without thought to overshadow, thinking without learning is perilous.\" We want to foster the character of advancing with the times, forge ahead, often reflect themselves in adapting to the new situation on whether there are delays, have anything to fear in the reform and innovation, whether in terms of accelerating the development of a relaxation, keep promising State of mind. In order to do investigations, investigations is the road to heaven, God disposes of the base. To wants to real heard truth, and justice to truth, and get truth, received effectiveness, on must in-depth actual, and outreach, and in-depth masses, worship masses for Division, and masses heart, with masses with discussion everyone care of problem, listening hey of calls, understand they of mood, feel they of suffering, summary they of experience, concentrated they of wisdom, especially on masses mosthope, and most urgent, and most worries, and most complained of hot, and difficulties and focus problem, more to active research, caught not put. Dare to innovate, in our work, often remain \"the old way doesn't work, the new approach would not\" situation, the reason, the key is that many people know that copying other people's ideas, mechanically, using someone else's old ways. To change this predicament, requires us to break the shackles of traditional concepts to overcome conservative, conformist, good at finding new problems and to accept new things, summarize new experience, new ideas, developing new programmes and Maverick, a new approach to solve problems, speed up development. Especially in implement superior policy spirit of process in the, both implementation, and cannot mechanically, to to extraordinary of courage and develop enterprising of spirit, put flexibility and principle combined up, put superior of spirit and local reality combined up, Yong conspiracy to breakthrough of policy, and exercise innovation of lift, developed out development works of, and grass-roots welcomes ofdifficult, not hating; blueprints, not rhetoric; words and simple, but full of love, truth, passion, entrepreneurial passion. Take this opportunity, my inspirational quotes Li Dazhao's classic \"iron specialise in uplifting blend with the article\" gave everyone, with a view on how to do well under the new situation of township and village leaders inspire and help, and also share with you. A good play to create iron shoulders strong arms, to assume the burden be passed; only specific qualities, will it be possible in specific areas to create a world. In my view, village chiefs in the new situation, we must first have five basic quality. One ambition is to pioneer. \"Who is handsome.\" People only high-minded can stimulate the flow of momentum to become brave and persistent, become quiet and powerful. Township and village party \"leaders\hin their respective jurisdictions, political stability and economic and social development issues, decisions and orientation depends to a large extentbecause of your. Everybody in village chiefs and the positions, both the trust of the masses, the Organization's trust, more ability to you, fully affirmed the moral and other qualities. Therefore, we must always maintain the historical mission and social responsibility, and our ideal tree rooted in the hard work of the soil, with indomitable spirit, indomitable courage to open up a new situation of villages and towns. To have a feeling of closeness to the second. \"The people and country.\" Our business foundation in the people's blood in the people power people. Advanced decisions of the party cadres to the feelings of the people is an eternal theme. Fan Zhong-yan, called \"first, and enjoy comfort about others\Banqiao's also wrote a \"Ya Chai lay listening to the rustling of bamboo, the suspect is suffering. Cao County officials, little my, a total turn off. \"Old of feudal official even has so feelings, alone we is to\" serving \"for purposes of people servant does? we more should always hold with on people of deep feelings, heart Department masses of leading visited tea, care masses of emotions thoughts complained, always insisted put masses of interests put in first, consciously from itself do up, from small do up, from masses most care, and most directly, and most reality of interests problem grabbed, real do love for people by Department, and right for people by with, and Lee for people by conspiracy to. Three with the fame of mind. \"Non-indifferent not insist your dream, without serenity not go far.\" Ascension to fame is morality, is the sublimation of the soul. As ownship and village, be sure to maintain a normal state of mind, establish a correct viewpoint on power, position and values and Outlook, as fame is light like water, depending ... 50 km, also red and like hundreds of thousands of the KMT military combat, but he went on to collect a variety of newspapers and magazines, and then race against time to pore over. As long as the study of mind, it is not necessary to come to the library, workshops, into the villages, people learned farming techniques, problem-solving methods, participation in （一）情绪因素

心理社会因素总是与人的某种情绪活动相联系的，因而它作为影响机体生理活动的因素，是通过情绪活动的中间媒介作用而实现的。情绪活动分为两大类：一是愉快或积极的情绪，这种情绪对人体的生命活动能起到良好的作用，可充分发挥机体的潜在能力，使人体保持健康。另一类是不愉快的、消极的情绪，如恐惧、愤怒、焦虑、忧虑、悲伤、痛苦等。这些情绪的产生一方面是适应环境的必要反应，另一方面可促使人们的心理活动失去平衡，可致神经、内分泌及免疫功能失调，对机体健康产生不利影响。情绪与癌症的关系在祖国医学早有论述，有记载指出：“郁能伤脾，肌肉消薄，与外邪相持而成内疾”。西方古医学也有论述，古希腊内科医生加伦（Galen）：曾发现抑郁质妇女较性格开朗者易患乳腺癌。许多研究表明，长期不正常的心理状态，特别是严重的精神创伤、过度的紧张、情绪过度忧郁等，与癌症的发生有一定的关系。美国康奈尔癌症中心米勒（Miller） 教授曾救过一位患柯杰金氏病病人，在化疗后病情完全缓解，在19年的随诊中未见复发，后突然病情恶化死亡，经回顾性调查发现，病人病情复发前6个月，其独生子因车祸逝世，病人受到强烈的精神刺激，因悲伤、抑郁的情绪激发了癌症的恶化。有研究表明，采用情绪支持和行为干预等心理治疗方法，可使癌症病人生存期延长1倍。在我们的临床病例中，也常见配偶一方患癌症，一旦逝世，另一方也患上癌症。近年来，许多报道使人们认识到心理社会因素与癌症有着密切的关系。

onferences, learned superiors policies; reports, you can learn to deal with problems, art, just wanted to learn, to learn at any time. To continuously expand the scope of the study. The complexity and comprehensiveness of our work, decided to not only do we want to be \"professionals\different areas of knowledge. Mastery of knowledge not only to have knowledge to rational analysis. This on requirements we, not only to learning national of route, and approach, and policy, also to learning national of legal, and regulations; not only to with political theory armed mind, also to with economic theory guide work; not only to read history, also to read history; not only to absorption SM of mirror, also to gets is of road; not only to from local learn, also to to outside learn; not only to to books learn, also to field study learn. Therefore, I would encourage you, and more to the outside world when I have time to take a look at, take a stroll, outside developments, learn other people's development approach, and then come back to guide our work. Second, we must think. \"Learning without thought to overshadow, thinking without learning is perilous.\" We want to foster the character of advancing with the times, forge ahead, often reflect themselves in adapting to the new situation on whether there are delays, have anything to fear in the reform and innovation, whether in terms of accelerating the development of a relaxation, keep promising State of mind. In order to do investigations, investigations is the road to heaven, God disposes of the base. To wants to real heard truth, and justice to truth, and get truth, received effectiveness, on must in-depth actual, and outreach, and in-depth masses, worship masses for Division, and masses heart, with masses with discussion everyone care of problem, listening they of calls, understand they of mood, feel they of suffering, summary they of experience, concentrated they of wisdom, especially on masses mosthope, and most urgent, and most worries, and most complained of hot, and difficulties and focus problem, more to active research, caught not put. Dare to innovate, in our work, often remain \"the old way doesn't work, the new approach would not\" situation, the reason, the key is that many people know that copying other people's ideas, mechanically, using someone else's old ways. To change this predicament, requires us to break the shackles of traditional concepts to overcome conservative, conformist, good at finding new problems and to accept new things, summarize new experience, new ideas, developing new programmes and Maverick, a new approach to solve problems, speed up development. Especially in implement superior policy spirit of process in the, both implementation, and cannot mechanically, to to extraordinary of courage and develop enterprising of spirit, put flexibility and principle combined up, put superior of spirit and local reality combined up, Yong conspiracy to breakthrough of policy, and exercise innovation of lift, developed out development works of, and grass-roots welcomes ofdifficult, not hating; blueprints, not rhetoric; words and simple, but full of love, truth, passion, entrepreneurial passion. Take this opportunity, my inspirational quotes Li Dazhao's classic \"iron specialise in uplifting blend with the article\" gave everyone, with a view on how to do well under the new situation of township and village leaders inspire and help, and also share with you. A good play to create iron shoulders strong arms, to assume the burden be passed; only specific qualities, will it be possible in specific areas to create a world. In my view, village chiefs in the new situation, we must first have five basic quality. One ambition is to pioneer. \"Who is handsome.\" People only high-minded can stimulate the flow of momentum to become brave and persistent, become quiet and powerful. Township and village party \"leaders\hin their respective jurisdictions, political stability and economic and social development issues, decisions and orientation depends to a large extentbecause of your. Everybody in village chiefs and the positions, both the trust of the masses, the Organization's trust, more ability to you, fully affirmed the moral and other qualities. Therefore, we must always maintain the historical mission and social responsibility, and our ideal tree rooted in the hard work of the soil, with indomitable spirit, indomitable courage to open up a new situation of villages and towns. To have a feeling of closeness to the second. \"The people and country.\" Our business foundation in the people's blood in the people power people. Advanced decisions of the party cadres to the feelings of the people is an eternal theme. Fan Zhong-yan, called \"first, and enjoy comfort about others\Banqiao's also wrote a \"Ya Chai lay listening to the rustling of bamboo, the suspect is suffering. Cao County officials, little my, a total turn off. \"Old of feudal official even has so feelings, alone we is to\" serving \"for purposes of people servant does? we more should always hold with on people of deep feelings, heart Department masses of leading visited tea, care masses of emotions thoughts complained, always insisted put masses of interests put in first, consciously from itself do up, from small do up, from masses most care, and most directly, and most reality of interests problem grabbed, real do love for people by Department, and right for people by with, and Lee for people by conspiracy to. Three with the fame of mind. \"Non-indifferent not insist your dream, without serenity not go far.\" Ascension to fame is morality, is the sublimation of the soul. As ownship and village, be sure to maintain a normal state of mind, establish a correct viewpoint on power, position and values and Outlook, as fame is light like water, depending ... 50 km, also red and like hundreds of thousands of the KMT military combat, but he went on to collect a variety of newspapers and magazines, and then race against time to pore over. As long as the study of mind, it is not necessary to come to the library, workshops, into the villages, people learned farming techniques, problem-solving methods, participation in （二）生活事件及应对方式

生活事件系指日常生活中经常面临的各种各样的问题，大致包括：人际关系、学习工作、生活、健康、婚姻家庭及子女方面问题、意外事件及童幼年时期经历等。20世纪50年代，纽约的一位心理学家Leshan对250个癌症病人和其他病种的住院病人的生活史进行了对比研究，结果发现癌症病人的生活经历有某些一致性的趋势。有一个凄凉的童年，他们感到孤独、孤立、与双亲关系紧张或有敌意，童年没有爱抚也没有友谊。当到青年时代，在工作和生活中情绪低落。以后又发生使自己焦虑的社会生活事件，如与心爱的子女分离、配偶死亡，这种打击无法补偿，由丧失变为无望的抑郁，有的人在6～8个月发生癌症。国内外有关生活事件的研究量表很多，项目简、繁不一，国内张明园（1987）编制的生活事件量表（life events scale, LES）列举了中国人常见的65项生活事件作为常模项目。国外学者在研究中特别重视童幼年时期的经历。有人认为，一个人童幼年时期的经历和家庭环境、学业成绩等将对他的一生产生重大影响。它不仅对一个人个性的形成起决定性作用，而且会影响到他将来的行为特征。

对于生活事件一般有三种分类，即按事件内容、事件对个体意义、事件可否人为控制分类。许多研究表明，癌症病人发病前生活事件发生率较其他病人高。负性情绪、失去亲人是癌症发病前最常见的明显的心理因素。

onferences, learned superiors policies; reports, you can learn to deal with problems, art, just wanted to learn, to learn at any time. To continuously expand the scope of the study. The complexity and comprehensiveness of our work, decided to not only do we want to be \"professionals\different areas of knowledge. Mastery of knowledge not only to have knowledge to rational analysis. This on requirements we, not only to learning national of route, and approach, and policy, also to learning national of legal, and regulations; not only to with political theory armed mind, also to with economic theory guide work; not only to read history, also to read history; not only to absorption SM of mirror, also to gets is of road; not only to from local learn, also to to outside learn; not only to to books learn, also to field study learn. Therefore, I would encourage you, and more to the outside world when I have time to take a look at, take a stroll, outside developments, learn other people's development approach, and then come back to guide our work. Second, we must think. \"Learning without thought to overshadow, thinking without learning is perilous.\" We want to foster the character of advancing with the times, forge ahead, often reflect themselves in adapting to the new situation on whether there are delays, have anything to fear in the reform and innovation, whether in terms of accelerating the development of a relaxation, keep promising State of mind. In order to do investigations, investigations is the road to heaven, God disposes of the base. To wants to real heard truth, and justice to truth, and get truth, received effectiveness, on must in-depth actual, and outreach, and in-depth masses, worship masses for Division, and masses heart, with masses with discussion everyone care of problem, listening hey of calls, understand they of mood, feel they of suffering, summary they of experience, concentrated they of wisdom, especially on masses mosthope, and most urgent, and most worries, and most complained of hot, and difficulties and focus problem, more to active research, caught not put. Dare to innovate, in our work, often remain \"the old way doesn't work, the new approach would not\" situation, the reason, the key is that many people know that copying other people's ideas, mechanically, using someone else's old ways. To change this predicament, requires us to break the shackles of traditional concepts to overcome conservative, conformist, good at finding new problems and to accept new things, summarize new experience, new ideas, developing new programmes and Maverick, a new approach to solve problems, speed up development. Especially in implement superior policy spirit of process in the, both implementation, and cannot mechanically, to to extraordinary of courage and develop enterprising of spirit, put flexibility and principle combined up, put superior of spirit and local reality combined up, Yong conspiracy to breakthrough of policy, and exercise innovation of lift, developed out development works of, and grass-roots welcomes ofdifficult, not hating; blueprints, not rhetoric; words and simple, but full of love, truth, passion, entrepreneurial passion. Take this opportunity, my inspirational quotes Li Dazhao's classic \"iron specialise in uplifting blend with the article\" gave everyone, with a view on how to do well under the new situation of township and village leaders inspire and help, and also share with you. A good play to create iron shoulders strong arms, to assume the burden be passed; only specific qualities, will it be possible in specific areas to create a world. In my view, village chiefs in the new situation, we must first have five basic quality. One ambition is to pioneer. \"Who is handsome.\" People only high-minded can stimulate the flow of momentum to become brave and persistent, become quiet and powerful. Township and village party \"leaders\hin their respective jurisdictions, political stability and economic and social development issues, decisions and orientation depends to a large extentbecause of your. Everybody in village chiefs and the positions, both the trust of the masses, the Organization's trust, more ability to you, fully affirmed the moral and other qualities. Therefore, we must always maintain the historical mission and social responsibility, and our ideal tree rooted in the hard work of the soil, with indomitable spirit, indomitable courage to open up a new situation of villages and towns. To have a feeling of closeness to the second. \"The people and country.\" Our business foundation in the people's blood in the people power people. Advanced decisions of the party cadres to the feelings of the people is an eternal theme. Fan Zhong-yan, called \"first, and enjoy comfort about others\Banqiao's also wrote a \"Ya Chai lay listening to the rustling of bamboo, the suspect is suffering. Cao County officials, little my, a total turn off. \"Old of feudal official even has so feelings, alone we is to\" serving \"for purposes of people servant does? we more should always hold with on people of deep feelings, heart Department masses of leading visited tea, care masses of emotions thoughts complained, always insisted put masses of interests put in first, consciously from itself do up, from small do up, from masses most care, and most directly, and most reality of interests problem grabbed, real do love for people by Department, and right for people by with, and Lee for people by conspiracy to. Three with the fame of mind. \"Non-indifferent not insist your dream, without serenity not go far.\" Ascension to fame is morality, is the sublimation of the soul. As ownship and village, be sure to maintain a normal state of mind, establish a correct viewpoint on power, position and values and Outlook, as fame is light like water, depending ... 50 km, also red and like hundreds of thousands of the KMT military combat, but he went on to collect a variety of newspapers and magazines, and then race against time to pore over. As long as the study of mind, it is not necessary to come to the library, workshops, into the villages, people learned farming techniques, problem-solving methods, participation in 应对是个体面对应激源的反应，同时也是心理适应的过程。应对是一种有意识的心理和行为策略，指的是个体面对困难的、不寻常的超过自身资源负担的生活事件时，所采取的认知和行为措施。应对能力对于生活事件的发生，不同的人可以有截然不同的反应。应对的方式与成长的经历、教育背景、个人性格特征、日常对生活事件处理能力等密切相关。有人在研究癌症病人的生存期后指出：对于患癌这一重大生活事件如何反应，是相信自己一定能够战胜疾病，保持一种积极乐观的态度，还是从此一蹶不振，悲观失望，等待死亡的来临，这两种不同的反应方式对其生存期的长短有着极大的影响。

（三）人格特征

个性特征是指个体在活动中表现出来的具有一定倾向性、稳定的心理特征总和。一个人的个性不仅影响个体的外显行为，而且影响个体面对应激认知过程及认知能力及由此而采用的应对方式。国际上许多研究认为，在不同类型癌症人群中出现类似的人格特征，专家们认为许多癌症病人的人格特征是过分耐心、回避冲突、过分合作、服从让步、负性情绪控制力强，追求完美、生活单调等，这些特征亦称为C型人格特征。过分压抑，长期使自己处于失望、抑郁之中，会造成体内免疫功能破坏，最后导致癌细胞的生长、繁殖。

癌症病人的心理社会支持照护

onferences, learned superiors policies; reports, you can learn to deal with problems, art, just wanted to learn, to learn at any time. To continuously expand the scope of the study. The complexity and comprehensiveness of our work, decided to not only do we want to be \"professionals\different areas of knowledge. Mastery of knowledge not only to have knowledge to rational analysis. This on requirements we, not only to learning national of route, and approach, and policy, also to learning national of legal, and regulations; not only to with political theory armed mind, also to with economic theory guide work; not only to read history, also to read history; not only to absorption SM of mirror, also to gets is of road; not only to from local learn, also to to outside learn; not only to to books learn, also to field study learn. Therefore, I would encourage you, and more to the outside world when I have time to take a look at, take a stroll, outside developments, learn other people's development approach, and then come back to guide our work. Second, we must think. \"Learning without thought to overshadow, thinking without learning is perilous.\" We want to foster the character of advancing with the times, forge ahead, often reflect themselves in adapting to the new situation on whether there are delays, have anything to fear in the reform and innovation, whether in terms of accelerating the development of a relaxation, keep promising State of mind. In order to do investigations, investigations is the road to heaven, God disposes of the base. To wants to real heard truth, and justice to truth, and get truth, received effectiveness, on must in-depth actual, and outreach, and in-depth masses, worship masses for Division, and masses heart, with masses with discussion everyone care of problem, listening they of calls, understand they of mood, feel they of suffering, summary they of experience, concentrated they of wisdom, especially on masses mosthope, and most urgent, and most worries, and most complained of hot, and difficulties and focus problem, more to active research, caught not put. Dare to innovate, in our work, often remain \"the old way doesn't work, the new approach would not\" situation, the reason, the key is that many people know that copying other people's ideas, mechanically, using someone else's old ways. To change this predicament, requires us to break the shackles of traditional concepts to overcome conservative, conformist, good at finding new problems and to accept new things, summarize new experience, new ideas, developing new programmes and Maverick, a new approach to solve problems, speed up development. Especially in implement superior policy spirit of process in the, both implementation, and cannot mechanically, to to extraordinary of courage and develop enterprising of spirit, put flexibility and principle combined up, put superior of spirit and local reality combined up, Yong conspiracy to breakthrough of policy, and exercise innovation of lift, developed out development works of, and grass-roots welcomes ofdifficult, not hating; blueprints, not rhetoric; words and simple, but full of love, truth, passion, entrepreneurial passion. Take this opportunity, my inspirational quotes Li Dazhao's classic \"iron specialise in uplifting blend with the article\" gave everyone, with a view on how to do well under the new situation of township and village leaders inspire and help, and also share with you. A good play to create iron shoulders strong arms, to assume the burden be passed; only specific qualities, will it be possible in specific areas to create a world. In my view, village chiefs in the new situation, we must first have five basic quality. One ambition is to pioneer. \"Who is handsome.\" People only high-minded can stimulate the flow of momentum to become brave and persistent, become quiet and powerful. Township and village party \"leaders\hin their respective jurisdictions, political stability and economic and social development issues, decisions and orientation depends to a large extentbecause of your. Everybody in village chiefs and the positions, both the trust of the masses, the Organization's trust, more ability to you, fully affirmed the moral and other qualities. Therefore, we must always maintain the historical mission and social responsibility, and our ideal tree rooted in the hard work of the soil, with indomitable spirit, indomitable courage to open up a new situation of villages and towns. To have a feeling of closeness to the second. \"The people and country.\" Our business foundation in the people's blood in the people power people. Advanced decisions of the party cadres to the feelings of the people is an eternal theme. Fan Zhong-yan, called \"first, and enjoy comfort about others\Banqiao's also wrote a \"Ya Chai lay listening to the rustling of bamboo, the suspect is suffering. Cao County officials, little my, a total turn off. \"Old of feudal official even has so feelings, alone we is to\" serving \"for purposes of people servant does? we more should always hold with on people of deep feelings, heart Department masses of leading visited tea, care masses of emotions thoughts complained, always insisted put masses of interests put in first, consciously from itself do up, from small do up, from masses most care, and most directly, and most reality of interests problem grabbed, real do love for people by Department, and right for people by with, and Lee for people by conspiracy to. Three with the fame of mind. \"Non-indifferent not insist your dream, without serenity not go far.\" Ascension to fame is morality, is the sublimation of the soul. As ownship and village, be sure to maintain a normal state of mind, establish a correct viewpoint on power, position and values and Outlook, as fame is light like water, depending ... 50 km, also red and like hundreds of thousands of the KMT military combat, but he went on to collect a variety of newspapers and magazines, and then race against time to pore over. As long as the study of mind, it is not necessary to come to the library, workshops, into the villages, people learned farming techniques, problem-solving methods, participation in 癌症是一个严重威胁人类健康性疾病，来自社会的期望值是个人将接受诊断、寻求治疗照护及实现从精神及心理上能应对癌症。然而，对个人是确实存在的危机。对于大多数人来讲，癌症是所有疾病中最为恐惧的。对癌症恐惧的原因包括：病因尚不完全清楚、有时无症状发生、早期诊断有一定困难、尚不能完全治愈、疾病造成痛苦大、治疗的副作用明显等，这一切对癌症病人的心理是巨大的冲击，因此对癌症病人的心理社会支持有其特殊意义。

肿瘤心理社会学领域越来越被专业人员重视。早在80年代，精神科专家Dr Jimmie Holland在纽约的Memorial Sloan-Kettering癌症中心开始用精神心理服务去帮助癌症病人应对痛苦及改善癌症病人的生存质量。随着专业人员对癌症病人在情感、精神上存在痛苦的认识的不断增加，对癌症病人的心理社会支持已形成一个多专业相互支持与合作的团队，其成员包括：社会工作者、心理学家、精神科专家、医生、护士、牧师等，他们共同介入在癌症病人从诊断到生命末期的治疗中。如今无数的专业人员介入到癌症病人的临床及研究领域中，精神科心理学专家正在寻找最好的途径改善癌症病人的生存质量，确定适合的应对机制，改变病人的生活形态，促进癌症病人的康复。肿瘤护士重点通过他们的的努力去减轻病人的疼痛，做好症状的处理，给予支持性照护，对晚期癌症病人提供临终关怀，并且在日常护理中为病人提供心理社会支持。社会工作者已经拓宽了他们的工作范畴，帮助病人确定痛苦的来源和有效的治疗方法，并且提供心理社

onferences, learned superiors policies; reports, you can learn to deal with problems, art, just wanted to learn, to learn at any time. To continuously expand the scope of the study. The complexity and comprehensiveness of our work, decided to not only do we want to be \"professionals\different areas of knowledge. Mastery of knowledge not only to have knowledge to rational analysis. This on requirements we, not only to learning national of route, and approach, and policy, also to learning national of legal, and regulations; not only to with political theory armed mind, also to with economic theory guide work; not only to read history, also to read history; not only to absorption SM of mirror, also to gets is of road; not only to from local learn, also to to outside learn; not only to to books learn, also to field study learn. Therefore, I would encourage you, and more to the outside world when I have time to take a look at, take a stroll, outside developments, learn other people's development approach, and then come back to guide our work. Second, we must think. \"Learning without thought to overshadow, thinking without learning is perilous.\" We want to foster the character of advancing with the times, forge ahead, often reflect themselves in adapting to the new situation on whether there are delays, have anything to fear in the reform and innovation, whether in terms of accelerating the development of a relaxation, keep promising State of mind. In order to do investigations, investigations is the road to heaven, God disposes of the base. To wants to real heard truth, and justice to truth, and get truth, received effectiveness, on must in-depth actual, and outreach, and in-depth masses, worship masses for Division, and masses heart, with masses with discussion everyone care of problem, listening hey of calls, understand they of mood, feel they of suffering, summary they of experience, concentrated they of wisdom, especially on masses mosthope, and most urgent, and most worries, and most complained of hot, and difficulties and focus problem, more to active research, caught not put. Dare to innovate, in our work, often remain \"the old way doesn't work, the new approach would not\" situation, the reason, the key is that many people know that copying other people's ideas, mechanically, using someone else's old ways. To change this predicament, requires us to break the shackles of traditional concepts to overcome conservative, conformist, good at finding new problems and to accept new things, summarize new experience, new ideas, developing new programmes and Maverick, a new approach to solve problems, speed up development. Especially in implement superior policy spirit of process in the, both implementation, and cannot mechanically, to to extraordinary of courage and develop enterprising of spirit, put flexibility and principle combined up, put superior of spirit and local reality combined up, Yong conspiracy to breakthrough of policy, and exercise innovation of lift, developed out development works of, and grass-roots welcomes ofdifficult, not hating; blueprints, not rhetoric; words and simple, but full of love, truth, passion, entrepreneurial passion. Take this opportunity, my inspirational quotes Li Dazhao's classic \"iron specialise in uplifting blend with the article\" gave everyone, with a view on how to do well under the new situation of township and village leaders inspire and help, and also share with you. A good play to create iron shoulders strong arms, to assume the burden be passed; only specific qualities, will it be possible in specific areas to create a world. In my view, village chiefs in the new situation, we must first have five basic quality. One ambition is to pioneer. \"Who is handsome.\" People only high-minded can stimulate the flow of momentum to become brave and persistent, become quiet and powerful. Township and village party \"leaders\hin their respective jurisdictions, political stability and economic and social development issues, decisions and orientation depends to a large extentbecause of your. Everybody in village chiefs and the positions, both the trust of the masses, the Organization's trust, more ability to you, fully affirmed the moral and other qualities. Therefore, we must always maintain the historical mission and social responsibility, and our ideal tree rooted in the hard work of the soil, with indomitable spirit, indomitable courage to open up a new situation of villages and towns. To have a feeling of closeness to the second. \"The people and country.\" Our business foundation in the people's blood in the people power people. Advanced decisions of the party cadres to the feelings of the people is an eternal theme. Fan Zhong-yan, called \"first, and enjoy comfort about others\Banqiao's also wrote a \"Ya Chai lay listening to the rustling of bamboo, the suspect is suffering. Cao County officials, little my, a total turn off. \"Old of feudal official even has so feelings, alone we is to\" serving \"for purposes of people servant does? we more should always hold with on people of deep feelings, heart Department masses of leading visited tea, care masses of emotions thoughts complained, always insisted put masses of interests put in first, consciously from itself do up, from small do up, from masses most care, and most directly, and most reality of interests problem grabbed, real do love for people by Department, and right for people by with, and Lee for people by conspiracy to. Three with the fame of mind. \"Non-indifferent not insist your dream, without serenity not go far.\" Ascension to fame is morality, is the sublimation of the soul. As ownship and village, be sure to maintain a normal state of mind, establish a correct viewpoint on power, position and values and Outlook, as fame is light like water, depending ... 50 km, also red and like hundreds of thousands of the KMT military combat, but he went on to collect a variety of newspapers and magazines, and then race against time to pore over. As long as the study of mind, it is not necessary to come to the library, workshops, into the villages, people learned farming techniques, problem-solving methods, participation in 会支持小组。在国外对于癌症病人宗教及精神信仰的作用及需求的研究也已列入心理社会支持研究中。

如今，我们盼望癌症病人在他们治疗及护理中与医务人员形成伙伴关系，在接受癌症诊断治疗的同时，得到伴随其出现的情感及心理问题的干预与支持。得到良好的心理社会支持的病人能较好的应对他们的诊断和治疗，有较好的生理功能，较高的生活质量，医疗服务利用率较低。然而有研究表明，癌症病人中仅极少数病人可以得到他们所需要的心理社会支持。国外文献报道，Sharpe等人在研究中发现，仅1/3有抑郁痛苦的癌症病人可以得到抗抑郁的药物，但其中大多数在恰当的时期内没有采用一个治疗性剂量。同样，这些病人中大多数没有得到精神健康服务，也没有接受任何心理治疗。目前我国的心理社会支持系统尚不完善，对癌症病人的心理社会支持尚缺少专业人员，绝大多数肿瘤医院中没有专门的心理治疗师及社会工作者，因此对癌症病人所存在的特殊心理社会问题上，在应对机制上尚存在诸多问题。北京师范大学心理学院杨智辉调查了北京市某肿瘤医院205名住院病人，其结果显示：癌症病人对社会支持的利用度不够理想，只有1/3左右的病人能够积极主动寻求社会支持。在各类支持中来自家庭的支持占主要部分，而相关社会团体的关注却很少。针对癌症病人应对痛苦的需要，美国综合癌症网络（NCCN）已经作为一项任务，其重点是为癌症病人建立痛苦危机管理指南，对于如何处理癌症痛苦已列出了标准。对癌症病人痛苦的测量国际上已经有许多测量方法，如在美国NCCN应对痛苦指南中应用的痛苦计量表（Distress

onferences, learned superiors policies; reports, you can learn to deal with problems, art, just wanted to learn, to learn at any time. To continuously expand the scope of the study. The complexity and comprehensiveness of our work, decided to not only do we want to be \"professionals\different areas of knowledge. Mastery of knowledge not only to have knowledge to rational analysis. This on requirements we, not only to learning national of route, and approach, and policy, also to learning national of legal, and regulations; not only to with political theory armed mind, also to with economic theory guide work; not only to read history, also to read history; not only to absorption SM of mirror, also to gets is of road; not only to from local learn, also to to outside learn; not only to to books learn, also to field study learn. Therefore, I would encourage you, and more to the outside world when I have time to take a look at, take a stroll, outside developments, learn other people's development approach, and then come back to guide our work. Second, we must think. \"Learning without thought to overshadow, thinking without learning is perilous.\" We want to foster the character of advancing with the times, forge ahead, often reflect themselves in adapting to the new situation on whether there are delays, have anything to fear in the reform and innovation, whether in terms of accelerating the development of a relaxation, keep promising State of mind. In order to do investigations, investigations is the road to heaven, God disposes of the base. To wants to real heard truth, and justice to truth, and get truth, received effectiveness, on must in-depth actual, and outreach, and in-depth masses, worship masses for Division, and masses heart, with masses with discussion everyone care of problem, listening they of calls, understand they of mood, feel they of suffering, summary they of experience, concentrated they of wisdom, especially on masses mosthope, and most urgent, and most worries, and most complained of hot, and difficulties and focus problem, more to active research, caught not put. Dare to innovate, in our work, often remain \"the old way doesn't work, the new approach would not\" situation, the reason, the key is that many people know that copying other people's ideas, mechanically, using someone else's old ways. To change this predicament, requires us to break the shackles of traditional concepts to overcome conservative, conformist, good at finding new problems and to accept new things, summarize new experience, new ideas, developing new programmes and Maverick, a new approach to solve problems, speed up development. Especially in implement superior policy spirit of process in the, both implementation, and cannot mechanically, to to extraordinary of courage and develop enterprising of spirit, put flexibility and principle combined up, put superior of spirit and local reality combined up, Yong conspiracy to breakthrough of policy, and exercise innovation of lift, developed out development works of, and grass-roots welcomes ofdifficult, not hating; blueprints, not rhetoric; words and simple, but full of love, truth, passion, entrepreneurial passion. Take this opportunity, my inspirational quotes Li Dazhao's classic \"iron specialise in uplifting blend with the article\" gave everyone, with a view on how to do well under the new situation of township and village leaders inspire and help, and also share with you. A good play to create iron shoulders strong arms, to assume the burden be passed; only specific qualities, will it be possible in specific areas to create a world. In my view, village chiefs in the new situation, we must first have five basic quality. One ambition is to pioneer. \"Who is handsome.\" People only high-minded can stimulate the flow of momentum to become brave and persistent, become quiet and powerful. Township and village party \"leaders\hin their respective jurisdictions, political stability and economic and social development issues, decisions and orientation depends to a large extentbecause of your. Everybody in village chiefs and the positions, both the trust of the masses, the Organization's trust, more ability to you, fully affirmed the moral and other qualities. Therefore, we must always maintain the historical mission and social responsibility, and our ideal tree rooted in the hard work of the soil, with indomitable spirit, indomitable courage to open up a new situation of villages and towns. To have a feeling of closeness to the second. \"The people and country.\" Our business foundation in the people's blood in the people power people. Advanced decisions of the party cadres to the feelings of the people is an eternal theme. Fan Zhong-yan, called \"first, and enjoy comfort about others\Banqiao's also wrote a \"Ya Chai lay listening to the rustling of bamboo, the suspect is suffering. Cao County officials, little my, a total turn off. \"Old of feudal official even has so feelings, alone we is to\" serving \"for purposes of people servant does? we more should always hold with on people of deep feelings, heart Department masses of leading visited tea, care masses of emotions thoughts complained, always insisted put masses of interests put in first, consciously from itself do up, from small do up, from masses most care, and most directly, and most reality of interests problem grabbed, real do love for people by Department, and right for people by with, and Lee for people by conspiracy to. Three with the fame of mind. \"Non-indifferent not insist your dream, without serenity not go far.\" Ascension to fame is morality, is the sublimation of the soul. As ownship and village, be sure to maintain a normal state of mind, establish a correct viewpoint on power, position and values and Outlook, as fame is light like water, depending ... 50 km, also red and like hundreds of thousands of the KMT military combat, but he went on to collect a variety of newspapers and magazines, and then race against time to pore over. As long as the study of mind, it is not necessary to come to the library, workshops, into the villages, people learned farming techniques, problem-solving methods, participation in Thermometer）用于对痛苦的可见性和定量性测量，其评估尺度从0（无痛苦）至10（极度痛苦），这种方法方便了病人的应用，并可确定病人痛苦的等级。意大利研究家们应用13项测量法称为心理痛苦调查表，用于评估癌症病人的心理痛苦，该调查表能够区别肿瘤病人在无瘤生存期、经历治疗期、接受姑息照护期不同的心理痛苦。总之，癌症病人所经历的痛苦不仅仅是个人感受，而是对癌症病人提供心理社会支持中受到关注的问题。

癌症病人心理支持的常用方法

（一）心理行为干预

心理行为干预一般由受过心理健康训练或已掌握了心理干预技能的肿瘤科医生或护士实施，或者由热爱肿瘤专业的心理学家实施。依据干预内容可分为教育性干预和治疗性干预，但无论哪种干预，其形式都可采用个别或集体形式进行。个别的心理行为干预是治疗者和治疗对象以一对一的形式进行，治疗者通过与病人的接触了解病人的痛苦，经过分析、解释、诱导、劝说或支持来改变病人的不良认知及降低消极情绪反应，并利用一定的行为训练技术，对抗病人的应激反应及调整病人的心身状态。集体行为干预一般由治疗者将病种、病情类似的病人分成一小组，通过医护人员为其讲解疾病的相关知识、治

onferences, learned superiors policies; reports, you can learn to deal with problems, art, just wanted to learn, to learn at any time. To continuously expand the scope of the study. The complexity and comprehensiveness of our work, decided to not only do we want to be \"professionals\different areas of knowledge. Mastery of knowledge not only to have knowledge to rational analysis. This on requirements we, not only to learning national of route, and approach, and policy, also to learning national of legal, and regulations; not only to with political theory armed mind, also to with economic theory guide work; not only to read history, also to read history; not only to absorption SM of mirror, also to gets is of road; not only to from local learn, also to to outside learn; not only to to books learn, also to field study learn. Therefore, I would encourage you, and more to the outside world when I have time to take a look at, take a stroll, outside developments, learn other people's development approach, and then come back to guide our work. Second, we must think. \"Learning without thought to overshadow, thinking without learning is perilous.\" We want to foster the character of advancing with the times, forge ahead, often reflect themselves in adapting to the new situation on whether there are delays, have anything to fear in the reform and innovation, whether in terms of accelerating the development of a relaxation, keep promising State of mind. In order to do investigations, investigations is the road to heaven, God disposes of the base. To wants to real heard truth, and justice to truth, and get truth, received effectiveness, on must in-depth actual, and outreach, and in-depth masses, worship masses for Division, and masses heart, with masses with discussion everyone care of problem, listening hey of calls, understand they of mood, feel they of suffering, summary they of experience, concentrated they of wisdom, especially on masses mosthope, and most urgent, and most worries, and most complained of hot, and difficulties and focus problem, more to active research, caught not put. Dare to innovate, in our work, often remain \"the old way doesn't work, the new approach would not\" situation, the reason, the key is that many people know that copying other people's ideas, mechanically, using someone else's old ways. To change this predicament, requires us to break the shackles of traditional concepts to overcome conservative, conformist, good at finding new problems and to accept new things, summarize new experience, new ideas, developing new programmes and Maverick, a new approach to solve problems, speed up development. Especially in implement superior policy spirit of process in the, both implementation, and cannot mechanically, to to extraordinary of courage and develop enterprising of spirit, put flexibility and principle combined up, put superior of spirit and local reality combined up, Yong conspiracy to breakthrough of policy, and exercise innovation of lift, developed out development works of, and grass-roots welcomes ofdifficult, not hating; blueprints, not rhetoric; words and simple, but full of love, truth, passion, entrepreneurial passion. Take this opportunity, my inspirational quotes Li Dazhao's classic \"iron specialise in uplifting blend with the article\" gave everyone, with a view on how to do well under the new situation of township and village leaders inspire and help, and also share with you. A good play to create iron shoulders strong arms, to assume the burden be passed; only specific qualities, will it be possible in specific areas to create a world. In my view, village chiefs in the new situation, we must first have five basic quality. One ambition is to pioneer. \"Who is handsome.\" People only high-minded can stimulate the flow of momentum to become brave and persistent, become quiet and powerful. Township and village party \"leaders\hin their respective jurisdictions, political stability and economic and social development issues, decisions and orientation depends to a large extentbecause of your. Everybody in village chiefs and the positions, both the trust of the masses, the Organization's trust, more ability to you, fully affirmed the moral and other qualities. Therefore, we must always maintain the historical mission and social responsibility, and our ideal tree rooted in the hard work of the soil, with indomitable spirit, indomitable courage to open up a new situation of villages and towns. To have a feeling of closeness to the second. \"The people and country.\" Our business foundation in the people's blood in the people power people. Advanced decisions of the party cadres to the feelings of the people is an eternal theme. Fan Zhong-yan, called \"first, and enjoy comfort about others\Banqiao's also wrote a \"Ya Chai lay listening to the rustling of bamboo, the suspect is suffering. Cao County officials, little my, a total turn off. \"Old of feudal official even has so feelings, alone we is to\" serving \"for purposes of people servant does? we more should always hold with on people of deep feelings, heart Department masses of leading visited tea, care masses of emotions thoughts complained, always insisted put masses of interests put in first, consciously from itself do up, from small do up, from masses most care, and most directly, and most reality of interests problem grabbed, real do love for people by Department, and right for people by with, and Lee for people by conspiracy to. Three with the fame of mind. \"Non-indifferent not insist your dream, without serenity not go far.\" Ascension to fame is morality, is the sublimation of the soul. As ownship and village, be sure to maintain a normal state of mind, establish a correct viewpoint on power, position and values and Outlook, as fame is light like water, depending ... 50 km, also red and like hundreds of thousands of the KMT military combat, but he went on to collect a variety of newspapers and magazines, and then race against time to pore over. As long as the study of mind, it is not necessary to come to the library, workshops, into the villages, people learned farming techniques, problem-solving methods, participation in 疗方法及教授一定的行为训练方法等，增强病人对疾病的正确认识，通过集体内的相互支持，帮助病人树立战胜疾病的信心。

（二）认知治疗

认知治疗是治疗者使用各种心理、行为量表及与病人深入访谈，全面、深入了解病人心理反应、内心痛苦等，找出影响病人心理行为问题的特殊认知偏差，以个别或集体治疗的形式进行干预。常用的矫正不良认知方法有认知重建、角色转换、向下比较等。

（三）行为治疗

行为干预手段包括松弛训练、系统脱敏、生物反馈、正强化、行为阻断、示范疗法及多种形式综合的行为干预方式等，对减轻病人的心理压力及癌症治疗所引起的诸多并发症有一定的效果。

（四）暗示治疗

暗示治疗是利用言语、文字、手势、姿势、药物、情景等手段，对病人施加积极的暗示，改变病人的不良知觉、判断、信念、情感或行为等心理过程。暗示治疗常用方法有：言语暗示、操作暗示、药物暗示、环境暗示。

（五）支持表达小组治疗

onferences, learned superiors policies; reports, you can learn to deal with problems, art, just wanted to learn, to learn at any time. To continuously expand the scope of the study. The complexity and comprehensiveness of our work, decided to not only do we want to be \"professionals\different areas of knowledge. Mastery of knowledge not only to have knowledge to rational analysis. This on requirements we, not only to learning national of route, and approach, and policy, also to learning national of legal, and regulations; not only to with political theory armed mind, also to with economic theory guide work; not only to read history, also to read history; not only to absorption SM of mirror, also to gets is of road; not only to from local learn, also to to outside learn; not only to to books learn, also to field study learn. Therefore, I would encourage you, and more to the outside world when I have time to take a look at, take a stroll, outside developments, learn other people's development approach, and then come back to guide our work. Second, we must think. \"Learning without thought to overshadow, thinking without learning is perilous.\" We want to foster the character of advancing with the times, forge ahead, often reflect themselves in adapting to the new situation on whether there are delays, have anything to fear in the reform and innovation, whether in terms of accelerating the development of a relaxation, keep promising State of mind. In order to do investigations, investigations is the road to heaven, God disposes of the base. To wants to real heard truth, and justice to truth, and get truth, received effectiveness, on must in-depth actual, and outreach, and in-depth masses, worship masses for Division, and masses heart, with masses with discussion everyone care of problem, listening they of calls, understand they of mood, feel they of suffering, summary they of experience, concentrated they of wisdom, especially on masses mosthope, and most urgent, and most worries, and most complained of hot, and difficulties and focus problem, more to active research, caught not put. Dare to innovate, in our work, often remain \"the old way doesn't work, the new approach would not\" situation, the reason, the key is that many people know that copying other people's ideas, mechanically, using someone else's old ways. To change this predicament, requires us to break the shackles of traditional concepts to overcome conservative, conformist, good at finding new problems and to accept new things, summarize new experience, new ideas, developing new programmes and Maverick, a new approach to solve problems, speed up development. Especially in implement superior policy spirit of process in the, both implementation, and cannot mechanically, to to extraordinary of courage and develop enterprising of spirit, put flexibility and principle combined up, put superior of spirit and local reality combined up, Yong conspiracy to breakthrough of policy, and exercise innovation of lift, developed out development works of, and grass-roots welcomes ofdifficult, not hating; blueprints, not rhetoric; words and simple, but full of love, truth, passion, entrepreneurial passion. Take this opportunity, my inspirational quotes Li Dazhao's classic \"iron specialise in uplifting blend with the article\" gave everyone, with a view on how to do well under the new situation of township and village leaders inspire and help, and also share with you. A good play to create iron shoulders strong arms, to assume the burden be passed; only specific qualities, will it be possible in specific areas to create a world. In my view, village chiefs in the new situation, we must first have five basic quality. One ambition is to pioneer. \"Who is handsome.\" People only high-minded can stimulate the flow of momentum to become brave and persistent, become quiet and powerful. Township and village party \"leaders\hin their respective jurisdictions, political stability and economic and social development issues, decisions and orientation depends to a large extentbecause of your. Everybody in village chiefs and the positions, both the trust of the masses, the Organization's trust, more ability to you, fully affirmed the moral and other qualities. Therefore, we must always maintain the historical mission and social responsibility, and our ideal tree rooted in the hard work of the soil, with indomitable spirit, indomitable courage to open up a new situation of villages and towns. To have a feeling of closeness to the second. \"The people and country.\" Our business foundation in the people's blood in the people power people. Advanced decisions of the party cadres to the feelings of the people is an eternal theme. Fan Zhong-yan, called \"first, and enjoy comfort about others\Banqiao's also wrote a \"Ya Chai lay listening to the rustling of bamboo, the suspect is suffering. Cao County officials, little my, a total turn off. \"Old of feudal official even has so feelings, alone we is to\" serving \"for purposes of people servant does? we more should always hold with on people of deep feelings, heart Department masses of leading visited tea, care masses of emotions thoughts complained, always insisted put masses of interests put in first, consciously from itself do up, from small do up, from masses most care, and most directly, and most reality of interests problem grabbed, real do love for people by Department, and right for people by with, and Lee for people by conspiracy to. Three with the fame of mind. \"Non-indifferent not insist your dream, without serenity not go far.\" Ascension to fame is morality, is the sublimation of the soul. As ownship and village, be sure to maintain a normal state of mind, establish a correct viewpoint on power, position and values and Outlook, as fame is light like water, depending ... 50 km, also red and like hundreds of thousands of the KMT military combat, but he went on to collect a variety of newspapers and magazines, and then race against time to pore over. As long as the study of mind, it is not necessary to come to the library, workshops, into the villages, people learned farming techniques, problem-solving methods, participation in 支持表达治疗是医生通过交谈全面了解病人的心身状况的情况下，科学地运用言语作为治疗手段，其方法有：指导鼓励病人表达情感，治疗者在掌握病人的心理需求和存在问题之后，利用科学知识，及时正确的给病人以解释、鼓励和安慰、保证、暗示。

（六）集体心理治疗

集体心理治疗是由治疗者采用各种心理治疗理论与技术并利用集体成员间的相互影响，达到暗示病人减轻症状的目的。与个别心理治疗相比，集体心理治疗可使病人更少的体验孤独，更多的体会到支持，在治疗者的引导下，大家可以获得更多的信息。

onferences, learned superiors policies; reports, you can learn to deal with problems, art, just wanted to learn, to learn at any time. To continuously expand the scope of the study. The complexity and comprehensiveness of our work, decided to not only do we want to be \"professionals\different areas of knowledge. Mastery of knowledge not only to have knowledge to rational analysis. This on requirements we, not only to learning national of route, and approach, and policy, also to learning national of legal, and regulations; not only to with political theory armed mind, also to with economic theory guide work; not only to read history, also to read history; not only to absorption SM of mirror, also to gets is of road; not only to from local learn, also to to outside learn; not only to to books learn, also to field study learn. Therefore, I would encourage you, and more to the outside world when I have time to take a look at, take a stroll, outside developments, learn other people's development approach, and then come back to guide our work. Second, we must think. \"Learning without thought to overshadow, thinking without learning is perilous.\" We want to foster the character of advancing with the times, forge ahead, often reflect themselves in adapting to the new situation on whether there are delays, have anything to fear in the reform and innovation, whether in terms of accelerating the development of a relaxation, keep promising State of mind. In order to do investigations, investigations is the road to heaven, God disposes of the base. To wants to real heard truth, and justice to truth, and get truth, received effectiveness, on must in-depth actual, and outreach, and in-depth masses, worship masses for Division, and masses heart, with masses with discussion everyone care of problem, listening hey of calls, understand they of mood, feel they of suffering, summary they of experience, concentrated they of wisdom, especially on masses mosthope, and most urgent, and most worries, and most complained of hot, and difficulties and focus problem, more to active research, caught not put. Dare to innovate, in our work, often remain \"the old way doesn't work, the new approach would not\" situation, the reason, the key is that many people know that copying other people's ideas, mechanically, using someone else's old ways. To change this predicament, requires us to break the shackles of traditional concepts to overcome conservative, conformist, good at finding new problems and to accept new things, summarize new experience, new ideas, developing new programmes and Maverick, a new approach to solve problems, speed up development. Especially in implement superior policy spirit of process in the, both implementation, and cannot mechanically, to to extraordinary of courage and develop enterprising of spirit, put flexibility and principle combined up, put superior of spirit and local reality combined up, Yong conspiracy to breakthrough of policy, and exercise innovation of lift, developed out development works of, and grass-roots welcomes of