I. Directions : Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)
1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play \"Romeo and Juliet\" 'A rose
by any other name would smell as sweet' well illustrates _______.( ) A. the artitrary nature of language B. the creative nature of language C. the universality of language
D. the big difference between human language and animal communication
2 The consonant v in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features___________.( )
A. voiceless bilabial stop B. voiceless labiodental fricative
C. voiced bilabial stop D. voiced labiodental fricative3.Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules of phonology in English.( )
A. kibl B. bkil C. ilkb D. ilbk
4.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula \"S→NP VP\".( )
A. hierarchical B. linear C. tree diagram D. vertical 5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.
A. phoneme B. word C. phrase D. sentence
6.According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit
(promise) the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.( ) A. commisives B. directives C. expressives D. declaratives 7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.( )
A. synchronic B. diachronic C. comparative D. historical comparative 8 ________ refers to the relationship between a more general word and a more
specific one，such as between color: red, green ,blue, white, black. ( ) A. Synomymy B. Hyponymy C. Polysemy D. Homonymy 9. “I bought some roses.”______ “I bought some flowers.”( )
A entails
B presupposes
C is inconsistent with D is synonymous with
10. A_______ is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. Nobody takes it as his mother tongue. ( )
A creole B diglossia C pidgin D dialect
Ⅱ.Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (2%×10=20%)
11.P________ function refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas. 12.Clear ［1］ and dark［ł］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c__________ distribution.
13.A r________ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.
14.S________ refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.
15. The study of the linguistic meaning of word, phrase and sentence is called s_________.
16.Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items, such as “father” and “son”, are called r________ antonyms.
17.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u________ is concrete and context-dependent.
18. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the c_____________ principle proposed by J. Grice.
19.In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, b________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.
20. The Great Vowel Shift began around the death of Chaucer in 1400, English language used at that time is called M________ English.
Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. (1%×10=10%)
( )21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.
( )22.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i:/,the larynx is in a state of tension. ( )23.A compound is the combination of only two words.
( )24.\"The student\" in the sentence \"The student liked the linguistic lecture.\liked the student.\" belong to the same syntactic category.
( )25.A sociolect is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region.
( )26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.
( )27.An important distinction between traditional grammar and modern linguistics in their study of language is that the former tend to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate “the best author”for language usage.
( )28. In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.
( )29. We can always tell by the words that a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.
( )30. An American linguist Martin Joos, in his book called The Five Clocks, distinguishes five stages of formality, namely, intimate, casual, consultative, formal and frozen.
Ⅳ. Directions: Explain six terms of the following ten ones, using one or two examples for illustration. (5%×6=30%)
31.language
32.duality (as a defining feature of human language) 33.a minimal pair
34. suprasegmental features 35. inflectional morphemes 36. back formation
37. reference
38. illocutionary act 39.ethnic dialect 20.register
Ⅴ. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)
41. Please draw the tree diagrams of both the deep structure and surface
structure of the following sentence “she has finally found the man whom she loves.”
42.Describe the changes in the meaning language of words and illustrate your each point with at least two examples.
参考答案
一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分) 1.A 2.B 3.A 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.B 9.A 10.C
二、填空题(本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分) 11.phatic 12.complementary 13.root 14.synonymy 15.semantics 16.relational 17.utterance 18. cooperative 19. bilingualism 20.Middle
三、判断改错题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分) 21.F
The contrary is true. The writing system is always a later invention. 22.T 23.F
Some compounds contain more than two words. 24.T 25.F
It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions \"morning star\" and \" evening star.\" They refer to the same star but differ in sense. 26.T 27.T
28.F 29.F 30.T
四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分)
31.Language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a system, since linguistic elements are arranged systematically, rather than randomly. Arbitrary, in the sense that there is usually no intrinsic connection between a word and the object it refers to. It is symbolic because words are associated with objects, actions, ideas etc. it is vocal because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human language, developed or “new”. The term human is the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific. 32.Duality
Linguistics refer duality of structure to the fact that in all language so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure of patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analysed in terms of combinations of meaningful units; at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning.
33.A minimal pair
When two different phonetic forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the string, two forms are supposed to form a “minimal pair.”e.g. pill and bill; pill and till; till and dill’ till and kill.
34. Suprasegmental features
Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological
properties of linguistic units larger than the segment called phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.
35.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories,such as-ed,-(e)s,-est in English. 36. Back formation
back formation refers to an abnormal type of word formation where a shorter word is derived by detecting an imagined affix form a longer form already present in the language. It is a special kind of metanalyais, combined with analogical creation. Editor—edit; enthusiasm---enthuse 37.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.For example ,if we say, \"The dog is barking,\" we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation.The actual dog the word \"dog\" refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word \"dog\".
38.Ilocutionary act refers to the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses.It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. For example, by saying \"You have left the door wide open\uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean.
39.An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language,often cutting across regional differences. It is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation, such as racial discrimination or segregation.
40.Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations,in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For this reason, registers are also known as situational dialects. 五、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分) referring to the text book
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