您好,欢迎来到抵帆知识网。
搜索
您的当前位置:首页电大管理英语3各章重点

电大管理英语3各章重点

来源:抵帆知识网


第一单元

短文Managing Oneself

自我管理

We live in an age full of opportunities: If you are smart enough, and have got

ambition

ambition

/æmˈbɪʃn/

n.雄心,抱负

and keep pushing forward, you can rise to the top of your chosen profession, no matter where you started out.

我们生活在一个充满机遇的时代︰无论你从哪里开始,如果你既聪明过人,又有远大抱负,并且勇往直前,那么你就可以在自己所选的职业领域中出类拔萃。

But with opportunity comes responsibility.

But with opportunity comes responsibility.

但是,随着机遇而来的便是责任。此句为倒装句,主语responsibility 置于谓语动词comes之后,with opportunity前置,是为了强调“机遇”,与短文第一句“We live in an age full of opportunities”相呼应。以伴随状语开头(With或Along with放在句首)时,句子可以倒装。例如:With globalization have come many

problems. 全球化带来许多问题。

Companies today aren't managing their employees'careers. Professional workers must be their own chief xecutive officers (CEO). It's up to you to

strive

strive

/straɪv/

vi.力争,努力,奋斗

or your place, to keep yourself engaged and

productive

productive

/prəˈdʌktɪv/

adj.富有成效的;多产的,富饶的

during a working life that may last around 50 years. To do those things well, you'll need to have a deep understanding of yourself —not only what your strengths and weaknesses are, but also how you learn, how you work with others

... you'll need to have a deep understanding of yourself —not only what your strengths and weaknesses are, but also how you learn, how you work with others ...

你需要对自己有一个深刻的了解,不仅仅是你的优缺点,还有你的学习方式,你与人共事的方式......not only ... but also ...用于连接两个表示对等、并列关系的成分,意为“不仅......而且......”,着重强调后者。例如:His speech not only broke the ice, but also aroused everyone's interest. 他的发言不仅打破了冷场, 而且引起了大家的兴趣。not only ... but also ...中的also通常可以省略, 有时甚至but also 一并省略。

what your values are, and where you can make the greatest

contribution

contribution

/ˌkɑːntrɪˈbjuːʃn/

n.贡献

because only when you operate from strength can you achieve true excellence.

... only when you operate from strength can you achieve true excellence.

只有当你充分发挥自己的长处时,你才能做到真正优秀。这是一个倒装句型,only前置于句首,主句中的情态动词can 置于主语you之前,还原后的结构是:you can achieve true excellence only when you ... (只有当......的时候)。当“only+副词/介词短语/状语从句”放在句首时,主句倒装。例如:Only in this way can you learn English well. 只有这样,你才能学好英语。Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 叫了三次,他才来参加会议。Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed. 只有病得很重时,他才卧床休息。

但是,随着机遇而来的便是责任。现在的公司已经不管理员工的职业生涯,自由职业者必须成为自己的首席执行官(CEO)。在大约五十年的职业生涯中,能否积极上进、勤奋工作、取得成效取决于你自己。要把事情做好,你需要对自己有一个深刻的了解,不仅仅是你的优缺点,还有你的学习方式,你与人共事的方式,你的价值观,以及你

能作出最大贡献的领域。因为只有当你充分发挥自己的长处时,你才能做到真正优秀。

History's great achievers —Napoléon, da Vinci, and Mozart —have always managed themselves. But they are so unusual both in their talents and in their

accomplishments

accomplishment

/əˈkɑːmplɪʃmənt/

n.成就,成绩

as to be considered rare

exceptions

exception

/ɪkˈsepʃn/

n.例外;除外的人,例外的事物

Now, most of us, even those of us with

modest

modest

/ˈmɑːdɪst/

adj.一般的,普通的,不大(或多、贵)的,适中的;谦逊的

talents, will have to learn to manage ourselves.

Now, most of us, even those of us with modest talents, will have to learn to manage ourselves.

现在,我们中的大多数人,即使智力平平,也都得学会自我管理。even是副词,放在它所强调的词、短语或从句前,用来加强语气,表示“即使,甚至连......都......”之意。modest 普通的,一般的。

We will have to learn to develop ourselves. We will have to place ourselves where we can make the greatest contribution. And we will have to stay mentally

alert

alert

/əˈlɜːrt/

adj.警觉的vt.警告,警示

and engaged during a 50-year working life, which means knowing how and when to change the work we do.

Unit 1译文

国家开放大学外语教学部 熊英 (发布时间:2017-06-23)

任务三

孙俪是在江西开放大学学习的一名业余学生,她在校园里遇见了另一名学生亨利·王。

亨利:你好,我是亨利·王,刚从美国来的非全日制国际生。

孙俪:很高兴认识你,我是孙俪。

亨利:我也很高兴认识你。你也是这个大学的学生吗?

孙俪:是的,我现在是二年级了。我是学建筑学的,你学什么专业?

亨利:哦,我的专业是能源与环境。那你这学期都学习哪些课程呀?

孙俪:这学期我们学习英语、工程制图、建筑技术还有建筑材料。

亨利:哦,我知道了。我也有英语课。我还有大气污染防控、污染分析以及气候变化控制技术等课程。

孙俪:哦,真的吗?你认为你的专业怎么样?

亨利:很不错,我认为课的很有趣,但是污染分析不是我最好的课程。我更喜欢气候变化控制技术这门课程。你呢?

孙俪:我最喜欢建筑材料这门课程。

亨利:噢,现在几点了?

孙俪:14点20分了。该上课了,咱们走吧。

亨利:好,咱们走吧。

任务四

孙俪正在把亨利·王介绍给她的同事吴菲。

孙俪:吴菲,现在我非常高兴地给你介绍一下,这位是来自于美国的亨利·王先生。

亨利:你好,请叫我亨利。很高兴和你合作。

吴菲:我们很高兴见到你,亨利。我叫吴菲,是项目经理。这是我的名片。

亨利:哦,我听说过很多关于你的事情。见到你很高兴。

吴菲:亨利,欢迎你来到我们的公司。我希望将来你会喜欢与我们共事。

亨利:谢谢。我也希望这样。吴女士,你能告诉我你们要在这儿建什么吗?

吴菲:一个微型公寓楼。

亨利:一个微型公寓楼?微型公寓是什么意思?

吴菲:哦,微型的意思是很小。每个公寓一个单元的面积只有15到30 平方米。

亨利:我明白了。小规模家庭生活现在在美国也是热门趋势之一。

孙俪:哦,真的吗?为什么呢?

亨利:因为有来自于很多没有大量资金的年轻人的巨大需求。小型的单元对它们来讲易租易买。

吴菲:的确如此。那就是只有一卧一厨一卫的微型公寓出现的原因。

孙俪:是啊,一间充满爱与温馨的美丽小屋就是一个很好的住所。顺便问一下,你们想让我带你们参观一下吗?

亨利:那太棒了!你太好了!

吴菲:这是我的荣幸。这边请。

任务五

下一个大趋势:微型公寓

住房是人类居住的地方。随着人口数量不断攀升,城市里的人们不得不面对住房供应短缺这一现实。为了解决这个难题,纽约城市规划者们正在挑战传统住房,开始设计更多的“微型单元房”。微型公寓,也叫做“旅社风格”公寓,通常提供不足200平方英尺(18.5 平方米)的居住面积。你能想像一下住在150平方英尺(14.5平方米)的地方吗?这些公寓单元通常只有一个房间,里面有一张床,一个桌式迷你冰箱以及一些基本的生活设施。为什么微型公寓如此吸引人呢?原因是非常明显的。这对于没有很多东西的单身人士是相当合适的。它也能满足并不富裕又想有个家的人的需求。微型公寓在人口很多的城市,如东京、等地是非常普遍的。现在,这种微型住房方式在美国和加拿大的市区正在越来越被接受。微型公寓是美国文化中极简生活风格的一种尝试。因此小规模家庭生活是美国房地产的热门趋势之一。一些人为它感到骄傲。一些人能从他们的小住所里发现幽默和乐趣。但不是每个人都喜欢这种趋势。

任务六

小空间,大生活

有一个举世闻名的房地产故事是关于格雷厄姆·希尔的,他是纽约的一位建筑师,也是一位设计师,还是互联网咨询公司TreeHugger.com 的创始人。在2007年,他把TreeHugger网站卖给了“探索”频道。他同样也是极简

主义生活方式设计公司LifeEdited的首席执行官,该公司专注销售小型,但设计整洁的微型公寓。

最近,格雷厄姆·希尔受到广泛关注,他在《纽约时报》上撰文鼓励读者改变生活方式,打造小型生活。他描述自己如何改变生活,去适应住在一个420平方英尺的公寓里。在2011年,他发表了很受欢迎的TED演讲,“越少的东西,越多的快乐”,其中提到了简约设计公司(LifeEdited)的公寓理念。其理念就是过“小”生活。他把这一理念运用到了他的设计和建筑项目里。因此,他计划开发智能的、节省空间的公寓,并帮助人们构建更小、更简约的生活。

简约设计公司(LifeEdited)的团队有兴趣创建一种强调极简生活方式的公寓。现在,世界上许多生活在大城市的人们都已经住进了微型公寓。公司41岁的加拿大创始人说道:“你应该成为一名现代化城市的居民,同时也要关注环境。”

格雷厄姆住在自己设计的公寓,他这样描述现在的生活:“房间设计的很好,人们也能负担的起,它的功能足可以与两倍大的房间媲美。作为TreeHugger公司的创始人之一,我睡得更踏实了,因为我知道我使用的资源正是我需要的。我拥有的更少,享受的更多。我拥有的是小的空间,收获的是大的生活。”

Organization Structure in Hoogle Engineering

Hoogle工程公司的组织结构

I'm Michael Bush, Managing Director of Hoogle Engineering. I am pleased to welcome you here to our website and I'd like to tell you a little about the company and its organization. Hoogle Engineering was

set up

set up 建立,创立;树立

in 1960. It was divided into several departments at that time, such as the sales department, marketing

department, and production department. Lots of managers were employed to manage it all.

我是Hoogle工程公司的主管麦克· 布什。欢迎你来到我们的网站,请允许我为你介绍一下公司及其结构的情况。Hoogle工程始建于1960年,当时被分为几个部门,如销售部、营销部和生产部。我们要聘请许多管理人员来管理各个部门。

Fortunately things are different now. Sixty people are employed by Hoogle and communication between departments is considered to be one of the most important aspects of the business. The market is global so we need to make contact with customers worldwide, not just locally.

幸运的是现在的情况不一样了。Hoogle雇佣了六十个人,而部门之间的沟通被认为是业务中最重要的一个方面。市场是全球性的,所以我们需要与全球的客户密切联系,而不仅仅是本地客户。

But in the old days we were all in different departments and never spoke to each other. We had a tall structure.

Traditionally

traditional

/trəˈdɪʃənl/

adj.传统的

we had people at the first level on the

shop floor

shop floor 车间

manufacturing products according to the instructions which they were given.

Traditionally we had people at the first level on the shop floor, manufacturing products according to the instructions which they were given.

以往,我们车间里的一线员工按照指令生产产品。shop floor 车间,工作场所。例如:Cost must be controlled, not just on the shop floor but in the boardroom too. 必须控制成本,不仅仅是在生产车间,在董事会层面也要控制。

Then you had a

supervisory

supervisory

/ˌsuːpərˈvaɪzəri/

adj.监督的,管理的

level of people who

supervised

supervise

/ˈsuːpərvaɪz/

vt.监督,管理,指导

them every day. Then you moved up to the middle management, who were doing the tasks of getting new business, and then you had the senior anagement team, and then you had the board, who decided the business strategy. So there were a lot of levels in the company in the old days actually.

但在过去,我们在不同的部门,也没有互相沟通。以前,我们是直线式结构,车间里的一线员工按照指令生产产品,会有一个管理层人员每天监督他们。当你上升到要处理新业务的中层管理时,你就会有高级管理团队,你上面有董事会来决定业务策略。因此,在过去的年代,一个公司有很多层级管理。

The structure today is that we form teams within teams to place people who can

manufacture

manufacture

/ˌmænjuˈfæktʃər/

vt. 生产,制造

a product.

The structure today is that we form teams within teams to place people who can manufacture a product.

现在的结构是,我们在团队内组建小团队,安排能够生产同一产品的人员在其中。本句中that引导表语从句;who 引导定语从句,修饰先行词people。整个句子从句较多,学习时要注意分析句子结构。

Each team has members that can manufacture different products. The actual teams now are self-managing, so we don't even have team leaders. You've got the teams, and then you've got two people, only two people, who are what you think of as management. This is generally called flat structure.

现在的结构是,我们在团队内组建小团队,安排能够生产同一产品的人员在其中。每个团队都有可以制造不同产品的成员。 现在的团队是自我管理的,所以我们甚至不需要团队领袖。你有团队,然后你有两个人,只有两个人,这就是你认为的管理。这通常被称为扁平式结构。

Unit 2译文

国家开放大学外语教学部 熊英 (发布时间:2017-06-23)

任务三

玛丽·约翰逊在ABC建筑工程公司担任秘书长。她和她的朋友托尼·史密斯现在在机场迎接来自中国的桥梁专家刘华。

玛丽·约翰逊:刘先生,早上好!很高兴见到您。旅途愉快吧?

刘华:很高兴见到你,玛丽。说真的,旅途非常愉快。

玛丽·约翰逊:请允许我介绍一下我的老朋友托尼·史密斯,他是一个建筑师,对桥梁设计很感兴趣。

托尼·史密斯:刘先生,您好。

刘华:史密斯先生,您好。很高兴认识您。

托尼·史密斯:我也很高兴认识您。我知道,您是港珠澳大桥隧道项目的设计负责人。我很荣幸能在这里见到您。

刘华:非常感谢。

托尼·史密斯:据说这座桥是全世界最长的跨海大桥。这座桥有多长啊?

刘华:当然。您知道,这座桥连接、珠海和。它总长度49.968 千米,其中有35.578 千米是横跨在海面上的。

托尼·史密斯:真了不起啊!我希望有一天能够亲眼看到这一奇迹。

玛丽·约翰逊:听起来很棒!我也想待它落成时去看一看。

刘华:没问题。欢迎你们俩去看看它。

玛丽·约翰逊:我们现在送您去酒店休息。我们明天早上开一个关于桥梁设计的会议。

刘华:谢谢你们的帮助。

托尼·史密斯:不客气。

任务四

第二天刘华到ABC建筑工程公司开会。玛丽·约翰逊把他介绍给她的上司罗伯特·李。

玛丽·约翰逊:刘先生,您好!很高兴再次见到您。这是我的上司,我们公司的总经理,罗伯特·李先生。他是今天上午会议的主持人。

刘华:您好,李先生。我是中国中铁桥梁设计院的刘华。

罗伯特·李:你好,刘先生。我很荣幸您能来这里和我们一起开这个会。

刘华:有机会和您交换意见,我也很高兴。

罗伯特·李:您知道,玛丽是我的秘书。让我来向您介绍另外几位同事。鲍勃,我想给你介绍一下著名的桥梁设计师刘华先生。

鲍勃:哦,天啦!见到您我太激动了。让我来做个自我介绍。

刘华:好啊。

鲍勃:我叫鲍勃·杰斐逊,我是设计部经理。这位是戴夫·彼得逊,工程部经理。戴夫,快进来!

戴夫:打搅一下,您一定是来自中国的刘华先生。

刘华:是的,很高兴认识您。

戴夫:我也很高兴认识您。

玛丽:各位,会议室准备好了,让我们过去吧。这边请。

任务五

世界四大怪桥

一、兰卡威天空大桥

建筑师梅耶﹒卡奈亚(Mayur Kanaiya )对兰卡威天空桥给予了很高的评价,这座蜿蜒125 米长的索桥盘旋在马来西亚的马西冈山山顶。蜿蜒的桥面上,游客们能够近距离地体验森林与野生动物。卡奈亚说:“在桥上缓步行走是绝无仅有的体验。”。

二、梅加拉亚邦树根大桥

印度东北部梅加拉亚邦的乞拉朋齐村,被称为世界最潮湿的地方之一,那里的桥都是用树根来建造的。当地人很久以前就学会如何利用竹子支撑,来引导热带植物的根向特定方向生长。有些桥超过30米长,可以承受50个人的重量。

三、荷兰小镇摩西下沉桥

大多数桥都建在水面上,荷兰小镇摩西桥这座下沉的桥则建在水面以下。桥两边的墙像水坝一样挡开河水,整座桥与周围环境融为一体,从远处根本看不见桥。

四、卷桥

在伦敦的这座12米长的卷桥可以向一边卷起,这样船就能通过帕丁顿盆地的大联合运河。桥会在每周五的中午打开。一个比利时游客说:“桥的八个桥段由钢和木材制成,以铰链连接,可以完全卷起至两端桥头接触,成为一个八角形。”

任务六

令人赞叹的杭州湾大桥

作为现代建筑杰作之一,神奇的杭州湾大桥自2008年5月起就已经向公众开放。

这座双向六车道的S 形斜拉桥,北通嘉兴,南接宁波慈溪。它将宁波至上海的高速公路距离缩短了120公里,可以把开车时间缩短2.5至4个小时。

它是世界最长的跨海大桥,有36公里(22英里)长。这座横跨杭州湾的大桥预计寿命有100年,造价达到118亿人民币(17亿美元)。

通行费是每辆车80元。由于大桥是双向六车道,你完全可以放心驾驶的平稳。

大桥限速每小时100公里(62英里)。

杭州湾大桥最初的设计规划准备是十年前开始的。大约六百名专家花了九年时间来设计它。大桥项目的总指挥是王勇先生。大于桥2007年合龙,开通典礼于6月26日举行。但是它又经过一系列的测试和评估,差不多一年之后才向公众开放。

“War for Talent” Goes on in Job Market

The “war for talent”reads like

headlines

Headline

[ˈhedlaɪn]

n.新闻头条,新闻提要

from many years ago, but it has never gone away, says Eleanor Nickerson, director of UK operations for Top Employers. Many companies they have researched on are short of talents.

9. Many companies they have researched on are short of talents.

他们调查的许多公司都缺乏人才。

be short of 缺乏。

例如:The trouble is that we are short of financial support. 问题是,我们缺乏资金支持。

Though the companies may receive many

applications

Application

[ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃn]

n.申请;适用,应用,运用

,they cannot find the people they want.

顶尖雇主的英国业务主管Eleanor Nickerson说,“人才争夺战”看起来像许多年前的头条新闻,但它从未离开过我们的眼球。他们调查的许多公司都缺乏人才。虽然那些公司可能会收到很多应聘申请,但他们找不到他们想要的人才。

Top Employers' research shows that offering good career chances is the key to attracting and keeping the talent.

7. ... off ering good career chances is the key to attracting and keeping the talent.

......提供优厚的事业发展前景是吸引和留住人才的关键。

the key to ... (某事成功的)关键;to后面跟名词或动名词。

例如:Transportation has always been the key to developing trade.

交通运输一直是发展贸易的关键。

Smart employees know their own value and will want to know what their employers can offer them after 5 or 10 years' career development. So, keeping staff is the biggest challenge employers face in the long run.

顶尖雇主的研究表明,提供优厚的事业发展前景是吸引和留住人才的关键。聪明的员工知道自身价值,并希望知道雇主在他们5-10年的职业发展后可以给他们提供什么。所以,从长远来看,留住员工是雇主面临的最大挑战。

Yet not every employee feels that they can better their career chances.

8.Yet not every employee feels that they can better their career chances.

但并不是每位员工都觉得他们能够获得更好的事业发展机会。

yet在句中用作并列连词,意思是“然而,可是”。

例如:He studied hard, yet he failed. 他努力学习,可是考试仍未及格。

better 在这里是动词,意为“使......更好;提升。

例如:The government hopes to better the conditions of workers. 希望改善工人的条件。

Some are still nervous about losing their jobs, despite a recent fall in

unemployment

Unemployment

[ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪmənt]

n.失业

,

10. . . . despite a recent fall in unemployment ...

......虽然近期失业率有所下降......

despite不管,尽管;介词,后接名词性成分,如名词、动名词、名词性从句等,用来表示转折。

例如:Despite his lack of experience, he got the job. 尽管缺乏经验,他还是得到了这份工作。

says the Trades Union Congress (TUC). TUC points out that some four-fifths of new jobs created have been in part of the economy where

average

Average

[ˈævərɪdʒ]

adj.平均的

pay rates are less than £8 an hour since the

recession

Recession

[rɪˈseʃn]

n.经济衰退,不景气

began. Many of these jobs are on

temporary

Temporary

[ˈtempəreri]

adj.暂时的,临时的

or zero-hours contracts.

但是,并不是每位员工都觉得他们能够获得更好的事业发展机会。贸易联盟大会(TUC)表示,虽然近期失业率有所下降,但有些人仍然担心失去工作。 TUC指出,自经济衰退开始以来,约有五分之四的新就业机会是来自于平均工资水平低于时薪8英镑的工业,其中许多工作是临时或零时工合同。

A report from the Office for National Statistics published in February showed that real wages have

been falling

consistently

Consistently

[kən'sɪstəntlɪ]

adv.持续地,始终一致地

since 2010. It's the longest period since at least 19. “We're still in the hardest living standards

squeeze

Squeeze

[skwi:z]

n.减少,削减;拮据 v.挤压,捏;拥挤

for over a century and those who are already working have had years of real-terms pay cuts,

11. We're still in the hardest living standards squeeze for over a century and those who are already working have had years of real-terms pay cuts.

一个多世纪以来,我们的生活水平一直处于最艰难的状况,而且,员工的收入多年来实际一直在减少。

squeeze在此处是名词,意为“(可获得的钱、工作岗位等的)减少,削减;拮据,经济困难”。

例如:She has just lost her job, so they are really feeling the squeeze.她刚失业,这下他们真正感到艰难了。

” says TUC spokesperson Liz Chinchen. “Understanding the pressures that staff face is a good starting point for any employer. If employers want to show concern for their staff, they should be paying them well and understand that zero-hours contracts bring

insecurity

Insecurity

[ˌɪnsɪ'kjʊərətɪ]

n.不安全

and extreme money worries.”

Unit 3译文

国家开放大学外语教学部 熊英 (发布时间:2017-06-23)

任务三

在一家公司工作的亨利邀请他的同事曼迪一起去野餐。

亨利:嗨,周末你有什么安排?

曼迪:我还没有决定呢。你呢?

亨利:你想去野餐么?天气预报说星期天是晴天。

曼迪:是个好主意。我需要带点什么吗?

亨利:当然咯,我会做一些汉堡包。

曼迪:好的。那我就带些喝的,绿茶,红茶,果汁还是可乐?

亨利:带绿茶怎样?顺便说一句,我会把我新的厨具带上。

曼迪:新厨具?是一种灶具吗?

亨利:是啊!我上个月刚买了一个太阳能灶。它是使用太阳能的新设备,由于效能高,又环保,所以开始流行起来了。用它来做饭很方便的。我会带点水果和别的食物。我们的野餐一定会很棒的。

曼迪:哇,太好了!我都等不及了!

亨利:好啊,我也很期待我们的野餐。那就星期天见咯!

曼迪:再见!

任务四

在一家公司工作的乔邀请他的朋友玛丽参加周五的聚会。

玛丽:嗨,乔,还好吧?

乔:噢,挺好的,玛丽。我还盼着今天能见到你。你愿意参加星期五的聚会吗?

玛丽:周末参加聚会那真是太完美了!你想我带点什么东西去呢?

乔:一切都已安排妥当,不过如果你想带点饮料,那也非常感谢。

玛丽:当然,谢谢。

乔:顺便问一下,我听说你买了做饭的新玩意儿?

玛丽:哦,是的。我很乐意和你分享我的新厨具。它非常环保,还节能。

乔:哇,太棒了!那么,它是什么啊?

玛丽:它叫做太阳能灶,一种全新设计的炊具,市面上可以买到各种款式的太阳能灶。它比传统的灶更经济。

乔:你可以用它来做什么呢?

玛丽:任何传统炖锅能煮的东西都能做,还能烤简单的面包和蛋糕。

乔:听起来不错!我急切地想看到这个新设备。

玛丽:随时都可以啊!

乔:谢谢,别忘了这个周末来参加我们的聚会!

玛丽:当然。再见。

乔:再见。

任务五:

用太阳做饭:太阳能灶热起来了

每天全世界有数以百万的人用冒烟的火来煮饭。经常很难找到木头生火。那些没有足够木材的人们得花费大量的金钱购买烹饪燃料。然而,现在有一种更简单做饭方法,使用太阳的能量做饭。太阳能灶,或叫太阳能炉,已经被使用了数百年。

太阳能灶是由反射镜及烹饪锅系统组成的。剩下的就看你的想象力啦!一旦你收到或者买到了太阳能炉灶,就可以在后院里、露营地或你愿意的任何地方做出热腾腾的饭菜了。

在能造福人类的所有发明中,质量可靠的太阳能灶仍然是其中非常必要的一项。在发展中国家的一些地区,仍然有无数人靠烧木头甚至牛粪来煮食,导致呼吸疾病和严重的污染。

探寻实用型太阳能灶的过程已将近数十年,并制造出许多模型。但是,在发展中国家,这种能源灶因为无法储存热能而没有得到广泛的使用。没有储存能量功能的炉灶,比如在阴天,就无法使用。但是现在挪威科技大学的一个小组报告称在太阳能灶方面取得了新的发现。他们说这一发现能让他们在一年半之内制造出一种实用的太阳能灶,它能在一个晴天储存足够的热能供另一整天的使用,即使是阴天。

任务六

太阳能烹饪吸引的孩子

用太阳能烹饪是一种传统的烹饪方法。如今,太阳能灶确实很实用,并吸引着越来越多的人的关注。人民已经意识到了能源相关的危机:他们97%的能源要靠进口。这也引发了的一场太阳能烹饪教育运动。

台北当地的一个环保组织去年在一些小学校举办了一场太阳能灶设计竞赛。

大约五百名年龄在八岁至十二岁的学生在参赛前学习了太阳能烹饪的一些原理。学生们在学习了太阳能灶基础技术后,被分成不同的小组,并被要求在四周时间内搭建好他们自己的太阳能灶。他们被鼓励要有创造性,要使用

诸如浮木、旧鱼缸、光盘、雨伞、锅和镜子等可再生的材料。

比赛的要求是用太阳能煮熟少量的干绿豆。在等待豆子煮熟的时间里,每一组都要描述他们的设计、建造过程、实验及组内合作等情况。

看到学生们发现在太阳底下用简单的材料就能烹饪食物时的兴奋劲儿真是令人惊喜。太阳能烹饪的确吸引了那些有创造力的孩子。

Human Resources Management

人力资源管理

Human Resources Management (HRM) is the process of managing people and their relationships in an organization. These two processes are important in the success and growth of a business.

人力资源管理(HRM)是在一个组织里管理人员和他们之间的关系的过程,这两个过程对于企业的成功和发展至关重要。

In managing people, staffing is the most important

component

Component

[kəmˈpəʊnənt]

n.元素,成分

of HRM. It needs to make

Guideline

Guideline

[ˈgaɪdlaɪn]

n.指导方针,指导原则

and procedures for hiring and

placement

Placement

[ˈpleɪsmənt]

n.(对人的)安排;(对物件的)安置;实习工作

. Staffing also

involves

Involve

[ɪnˈvɒlv]

vt.包含;使参与;牵涉

the management of employees on matters like monitoring of holidays,

absences

Absence

[ˈæbsəns]

n缺勤,缺席

, health and safety,

disciplinary

Disciplinary

[ˈdɪsəplɪnəri]

adj.纪律的;训练的;惩罚的

action, and

dismissal

Dismissal

[dɪsˈmɪsl]

n.解雇,免职

.

12.Staffing also involves the management of employees on matters like monitoring of holidays, absences, health and safety, disciplinary action, and dismissal.

人事工作也包含对员工的管理,如休假、缺勤、健康与安全、纪律处分和解雇等事项。involve 包含,涉及。

例如:Don't involve me in your quarrel! 不要把我牵扯进你们的争吵中!

在管理人员方面,人事工作是人力资源管理最重要的内容,得制定招聘和安置的指导方针和章程。人事工作也包含对员工的管理,如休假、缺勤、健康与安全、纪律处分和解雇等事项。

Another important element of HRM in managing people is keeping the employees in the company. The training of employees to enable them to improve their career development is very important.

13. The training of employees to enable them to improve their career development is very important.

提升员工职业发展能力的培训是十分重要的。

enable sb. to do sth. 使某人能做某事。

例如:The measures will enable us to double our output of the products. 这些措施能使我们的产品产量加倍。

Good HRM policies ensure that there are clear regulations which show the pay levels for the different

positions in an organization.

14. Good HRM policies ensure that there are clear regulations which show the pay levels for the diff erent positions in an organization.

优质的人力资源管理能够保证公司有明确的制度实行以岗定薪。

ensure 确保,保证;使(某人)获得。

例如:This medicine will ensure you a good night's sleep. 这种药将保证你一晚上睡眠良好。

that 引导宾语从句;which引导定语从句,修饰regulations。

It is important for the staff to know the career path, pay, training and other opportunities that are available to them.

Performance

Performance

[pəˈfɔ:məns]

n.业绩;表现;表演

management

15. performance management

绩效管理。绩效管理是指管理者与员工之间就目标与如何实现目标达成共识,并在此基础上,通过激励和帮助

员工取得优异绩效来实现组织目标的管理方法。

is another important component of HRM. The reason for this is that many employers use it to evaluate career improvement and to determine pay increases.

人力资源管理在人员管理上另一个重要作用是留住员工在公司。提升员工职业发展能力的培训十分重要。优质的人力资源管理能够保证公司有明确的制度实行以岗定薪,重要的是让员工了解他们可能得到的职业前景,薪资,培训和其他机会。绩效管理是人力资源管理的另一个主要内容,这样做的原因是,许多雇主用它来评估职业提升和确定加薪。

The

secondary

Secondary

[ˈsekəndri]

adj.第二的,次要的

role of HRM is the management of the relationships among people in an organization. This includes staff within departments as well as across the whole organization. The relationship between staff and management is an important factor in the success of an organization. It decides how fast an organization will realize their goals.

人力资源管理的另一个内容是管理员工之间的关系,这包括部门内以及整个机构的人员。员工与管理层之间的关系是一个机构成功的重要因素之一。它决定了机构实现其企业目标的快慢。

The focus of HRM is the people within an organization. Regular planning, monitoring and evaluation

are important for the success of HRM. Successful management ensures that all employees know their role, career development and also feel part of an organization.

人力资源管理的重点是机构内部的人。常规规划、记录和评价对人力资源管理的成功非常重要。成功的管理确保所有员工都知道他们的角色、职业发展以及归属感。

查看翻译

Unit 4译文

国家开放大学外语教学部 熊英 (发布时间:2017-06-23)

任务三(1)

李强和他的哥哥李桐正在考虑到北京去旅行是坐大巴还是火车。

李强:你认为我们是应该乘坐大巴还是坐火车去北京呢?

李桐:很难选择。火车快一点,但是贵很多。

李强:由于交通堵塞,要是我们乘坐大巴的话会延误。而且,长途大巴空间狭窄,不能四处走动。

李桐:是这样的。但是,我觉得坐长途大巴能看到更多风景。

李强:喔,我认为乘坐火车能看到更多。

李桐:那么,你更喜欢哪种交通方式?

李强:我更喜欢乘坐高速列车,尽管它花费更高。

李桐:好的,我们将乘坐高速列车,我相信我们的旅途会愉快。现在我们在网上购票吧。

任务三(2)

李强和他哥哥将要去北京。他正同王宁谈论他的计划。

王宁:李强,你星期天将会去北京,对吗?

李强:是的,我哥哥和我将一起去。我们这周一在网上预定了2张火车票。

王宁:那很酷!我总是梦想去北京,看看著名的景点、与众不同的建筑,比如紫禁城、颐和园等。

李强:中国铁路博物馆是必须去的地方。

王宁:喔,那座博物馆是过去的北京火车站,它展示了中国铁路发展的历史,值得参观,我一直计划去参观一下。

李强:为什么不加入我们呢?我们星期天出发,你还有两天时间准备。

王宁:好的,算上我吧!你们会乘坐高速列车吧?

李强:是的,因为既快又方便,还更舒适。

任务四

李强在北京几天了。他想去参观中国铁路博物馆。他向他的朋友马凯寻求帮助。

李强:你好,马凯。你了解中国铁路博物馆吗?我听说每天世界各地的人都去参观。

马凯:是的,它是中国关于铁路系统唯一的职业博物馆。

李强:喔,真的吗? 肯定很有趣。

马凯:是的,你将会看到大量真实的实物,模型,照片,图表和多媒体等等。所有这些(展品)会详细地向你展示上世纪(20 世纪)中国铁路系统的发展历程。

李强:博物馆的位置在哪里呢?

马凯:它位于北京朝阳区,在东北方向,离北京市中心15公里。

李强:你能带我哥哥和我一起去那里吗?我希望一个熟悉这个博物馆的人和我们一起去。

马凯:当然,我很乐意当你们的向导。

任务五

世界上最长的高铁线路

世界上最长的高铁,从北京开往广州,已经运行几年了。它将这两座城市之间的旅程从22 小时缩短为仅仅8 小时。高铁有舒适的座位和安静的车厢,为成千上万的旅行者提供了令人愉悦的旅程。

高铁连接了北京与五座省会城市。京广线中的部分路线,比如从郑州到广州,在全线贯通之前,就已经开始运行。北京到郑州路段的运行,贯通了整条线路。全程2298公里。

京广线将中国三分之一的人口连接起来,沿线经济产值占全国经济产值的40% 以上。旅行者从交通网络中受益,发现他们的家乡不再那么遥远。

正如美国《新闻周刊》所说:中国正在进行铁路。时速为每小时350公里的高铁使这个拥有广袤土地的国

家实际上“变小”了,在经济上改变了这个国家。

任务六

世界上最长的铁路线

火车从浙江省义乌出发,到达马德里完成了13,052千米(8,110 英里)的首次旅行。这标志着世界上最长的铁路,也是中国到西班牙的首条直达铁路线建成通车。

这条铁路被浙江省称为“21世纪的丝绸之路”,其线路长度比跨西伯利亚铁路线和东方快车铁路线都要长。

这条铁路线的主要优点是高速。这列火车只花了三个星期时间就完成了旅程,海运的话要花多达六个星期。同时,它比公路运输更环保,运送等量的货物,相比公路运输要排放114 吨二氧化碳而言,铁路运输只排放44 吨,减少了62%。

首列火车装载着玩具、文具、手工艺品和为圣诞节市场生产的产品共计82个集装箱,2014 年11 月18 日从中国出发,21 天后到达西班牙的马德里。

列车自西班牙的返程之旅,历经24天,于周日到达义乌。列车的节车厢,满载葡萄酒,橄榄油及其他西班牙产品。

现在中欧铁路运输公司在中西两国商人和制造商中受到越来越多的关注。

Save Money by Understanding Why You Spend It

知道为何花钱才知道如何省钱

To save money, you simply need to spend less than you earn. It is easy to say, but why is it so difficult to do? To answer this question, you need to study the factors that keep you spending all the time.

为了省钱,你的花费只要不超过你挣得的钱就行。但为什么说得容易做的难呢? 回答这个问题,你需要研究一下是哪几个因素让你一直不停的花钱。

Easy access to credit

容易获得信贷

For most people, this is the biggest reason for overspending. People can easily get a credit card, simply by filling out a short form in a bank or jumping on their website. They can borrow money from banks to go shopping, even buy cars or houses. When you aren't physically handing someone money or a check for a purchase, you will feel you are spending free money or you aren't pending money at all. Try using cash to get your spending under control.

对大多数人来说,这是超支最大的原因。信用卡获取方便,人们只需要在银行或在其网站上填写一个简易表格就行。有了信用卡,人们就可以从银行借钱去购物,甚至去买汽车或房子。当你在购物时不是实实在在用现金或支票付款,你会觉得你在免费消费或者完全没有花钱。试着用现金付款来控制你的消费。

Misusing credit cards

滥用信用卡

A credit card is an interest free short-term loan.

A credit card is an interest free short-term loan.

信用卡是短期的无息贷款。interest free 免息的,short-term 短期的,它们共同作定语。long-term / short-term loan 长(短)期贷款。

When used as planned, this can be a powerful

financial

financial

/faɪˈnænʃl/

adj.金融的,财政的,财务的

tool. The problem is when you begin to let the

balance

balance

/ˈbæləns/

n.结欠(款)vt.结平(账目)

continue from month to month. If you make a $200purchase on your credit card and find out that at the end of the month you can't afford to

repay

repay

/riˈpei/

vt. 偿还;报答,回报

the full amount, this is when the high interest rates on the cards really begin to hurt you. That is no way of saving money.

That is no way of saving money.

那绝不是省钱的办法。no way of ... 绝非;没有办法。例如:In fact, most companies have no way to measure the cost or the value of them. 事实上,大部分公司没法衡量它们的成本和价值。

信用卡是短期的无息贷款。如果有计划的使用,信用卡是一个强有力的金融工具。问题是你何时开始可以保持每月的收支平衡。如果你用信用卡支付了200美元后,发现在这个月底你不能全额偿还,这时高利率可能真的开始伤害你了。那当然更不是省钱的办法。

Giving in to

temptation

temptation

/tempˈteɪʃn/

n.引诱;诱惑物

屈服于诱惑

We all need to enjoy life, but don't waste your financial future for a few guilty pleasures today if they aren't in your budget. When you know that you can't afford an activity, don't give in.

When you know that you can't afford an activity, don't give in.

当你知道自己负担不起活动开销时,就别被诱惑了。这里,give in的对象是前文提到的a few guilty pleasures,即“屈服于这些'负罪感的快乐'”。afford买得起,担负得起。它通常与can, could, be able to连用,用于否定句或疑问句中。例如:They couldn't afford $50for a ticket. 他们拿不出50美元买一张票。Can I afford it? 我能够买得起它吗?afford后面常跟带to的动词不定式。例如:We can't afford to go abroad this summer.今年夏天我们没有足够的钱出国。give in (to sb. / sth.) 屈服,让步。例如:If they give in before the time is up, there's a “Just Gave In” button. 如果他们想提前退出,这里有“退出”键。

Instead, invite your friends over for a home dinner party, game night, or some other activities where you can still enjoy time together, but without breaking your budget.

我们都需要享受生活,但是如果有些消费不在你的预算内,就不要让今天的一些负罪享乐影响你的未来财务状况。当你知道自己负担不起有些开销时,就别被诱惑了。不如邀请你的朋友来家里聚餐,设计家庭游戏夜,或一些其他的活动,这样你既没有超出预算,也可以和朋友们一起享受时光。

Spending to feel good

支出感觉良好

Everyone enjoys getting something new —buying yourself something feels good. There is absolutely nothing wrong with this, as long as you don't

go overboard

go overboard

超过预算

.

There is absolutely nothing wrong with this, as long as you don't go overboard.

只要不超过预算,这件事就没有任何错。there is nothing wrong with ...没有任何问题,没有什么不对的。例如:It is a tightly controlled family company but there's nothing wrong with that. 它是一个管控严格的家族企业,但这没什么不对。as long as只要,如果。在表示on condition that, provided that或if 时,用as long as或so long as都可以;在表示“既然,因为”时,多用as long as。例如:You can go out, as / so long as you promise to be back before 11o'clock. 你可以出去,只要你答应在11点以前回来As long as you are going, I'll go too. 既然你要去,那么我也要去。go overboard本义为“穿越船舷落水”,这里引申为“超过预算”。

You'll feel good about your purchase whether you make it with cash or by credit card, but you'll feel even better when you don't have to spend the next two years trying to pay it off with 20% interest.

.. you'll feel even better when you don't have to spend the next two years trying to pay it off with 20% interest.

当你随后两年不用被迫还清附加20%高利息的债务时,感觉会更好。pay off付清(费用、债务)。例如:pay off the debts还清债务。

每个人都喜欢得到一些新的东西——给自己买东西的感觉总是很好的。只要不过火,这件事就没有任何错。无论你用现金还是用信用卡支付,你都会感觉良好,不过,当你随后两年不用被迫还清附加20% 高利息的债务时,感觉会更好。

查看翻译

Unit 5译文

国家开放大学外语教学部 熊英 (发布时间:2017-06-23)

任务三

芭芭拉正在给史密斯先生打预约电话

芭芭拉:你好,史密斯先生,我是芭芭拉,奥迪的销售顾问。我们上周五在汽车展销会上见过面。

史密斯:哦,是的。我正想打电话给您。我真的很喜欢你推荐的那台车,正考虑购买。

芭芭拉:这是很好的选择。您为什么不来我们商店讨论一下购买细节呢?您什么时间方便呢?

史密斯:我明天不在城里,但之后的任何时间都可以了。

芭芭拉:嗯,我们能不能先暂定一下时间,嗯,这个周六怎么样?

史密斯:可以。你能告诉我你们商店的地址和营业时间吗?

芭芭拉:商店在工人体育馆附近。我们的营业时间是早上9点至下午5点。

史密斯:好的,那么我大约10点左右到你们的商店。

芭芭拉:好的,我在商店等您。别忘了带上您的驾照。

史密斯:好的,到时见。

任务四:

迈克尔给谢先生的公司打电话推迟他们的预约见面时间。谢先生的秘书罗斯玛丽正在接电话。

迈克尔:早上好。请问我能找一下谢先生吗?

罗斯玛丽:对不起,他正在开会。我可以为您做些什么吗?

迈克尔:好的,我是迈克尔。我和谢先生约好的明天上午10点的会面,您可以帮我推迟到下周某个时间吗?

罗斯玛丽:哦,好的。那我该怎么跟谢先生说呢?

迈克尔:我明天有急事,需要出差。但我这周末前就回来,我们能预约下周见面时间吗?

罗斯玛丽:好的,我查一下。谢先生下周二、周三都在。您什么时间方便呢?

迈克尔:周二可以。

罗斯玛丽:我可以帮您安排在11点,这个时间可以吗?

迈克尔:哦,那个时间我有一个采访。下午3点怎么样?

罗斯玛丽:可以。

迈克尔:多谢了。请转告谢先生,我很抱歉给他带来了不便。非常感谢您!

罗斯玛丽:不用客气。

任务五:

中国的汽车行业市场

随着2002年以后国内城市中私家车需求的快速增长,近年来中国的汽车产业发展迅速。到2009年,中国已经取代了美国成为世界上最大的汽车市场。作为世界汽车工业的重要组成部分,全球的汽车工业将进一步向中国转移。这会给中国的汽车行业带来历史性的机遇。

目前,中国汽车市场的发展和对车辆消费需求的变化都在不断增长。中国汽车工业在接下来的10年将会继续增长。这就意味着对于这一产业的发展还有巨大的空间。中国的城市人口超过了6亿,在农村地区也同样有广阔的农用车市场。因此,中国汽车工业的发展是毋庸置疑的,这也是为什么世界汽车制造商越来越重视中国市场的原因。

任务六:

特斯拉汽车公司在中国开办了业务

美国顶级电动汽车生产商,特斯拉汽车公司已经开始在它的中文网站上销售Model S 这款热卖车了。特斯拉汽车公司在2013年12月末启动了中文网站,希望吸引中国买家的新订单。此举之前的一个月,特斯拉在北京开设了展厅。业内专家认为,这仅仅是特斯拉进入中国市场的开端而已。

作为一个创新公司,特斯拉在中国前途光明,因为中国对豪华汽车的需求不断增加。电动汽车的支持设备,比如充电站等,已经在中国很多城市建设完成或是正在建设中了。特斯拉已经成为了电动汽车领域中的佼佼者。公司设计、生产并销售汽车。公司的目的是以普通消费者可接受的价格,大规模生产电动汽车。可是在中国,公司还有些困难需要克服。

主要问题之一是特斯拉还没有一个中文名字。对这种类型汽车的税收标准尚不明确,这意味着即便是感兴趣的买家也无法得知一辆特斯拉汽车的整车价格是多少。

特斯拉在北京的展厅已经开放了,它的中文网站也开通了。但是迄今为止,特斯拉北京店还没有营销和公共关系部门,因此前景还不明朗。专家认为,随着中国对豪华汽车需求的不断增加和对环保电动车的倡导,特斯拉极有可能在这个世界第二大经济体大获成功。

Three Steps to a Good Marketing Budget

三个步骤做好营销预算

Without good budget management, you are likely to overspend on marketing

accidentally

accidentally

/ˌæksɪˈdentəli/

adv.偶然地,意外地

.

Without good budget management, you are likely to overspend on marketing accidentally.

如果你不做好预算管理,可能做营销时不小心就超支了。be likely to 可能的,要发生的,有倾向的。例如:But the boss said we were likely to work overtime today.但是,老板说我们今天很可能要加班。overspend 超支。例如:Don't overspend on your home and expect to get the money back when you sell.不要在买房子上超支,并指望以后出售时把钱赚回来。over是一个比较活跃的前缀,常与名词、动词或形容词一起构成合成词或派生词,如 overheads, overspend, overtake, overcome等,含有“过多,过度,超过”等意思,词义随另一个词而定。例如:overwork 过度工作,overtime 加班,overhear 无意间听到,overreact过度反应。

Here are three steps that help to make a good marketing budget.

如果你不做好预算管理,可能在做营销时不小心就超支了。这里介绍三个步骤帮助你做好营销预算。

Step 1: Organize financial information

步骤1:整理财务信息

The first step is to be clear of your current financial situation. You need to know how much money your company makes monthly and the changes that might arise in the future. Although income flows change throughout the year, you must organize the information based on

reliable

reliable

/rɪˈlaɪəbəl/

adj.可靠的

revenue —the minimum amount of money your company makes each month.

…the mnimum amount of money your company makes each month.

公司每月的最低收入。minimum amount 最低金额;maximum amount 最大金额。

第一步是要弄清楚你当前的财务状况。你要知道公司每月的收入和未来可能出现的变化。虽然全年收入量在变化,你必须基于可靠的收入数据——公司每月的最低收入额来整理信息。

A realistic budget plan will always focus on the income that

exceeds

exceed

/ɪkˈsiːd/

vt.超过

the expenses,

A realistic budget plan will always focus on the income that exceeds the expenses ...

一份切实可行的预算方案重点要做到收入大于支出......focus on 聚焦于,专注于,致力于。例如:Many firms are focusing on increasing their markets overseas. 许多公司都专注于扩大海外市场。exceed 超过,超越。例如:We can't exceed the speed limit.我们不能超速。

not the total revenue that comes in. When you have determined the amount of

disposable income

disposable income

可支配收入

available for the company, you should determine where the money will go.

一个切实可行的预算方案永远关注的是大于支出的收入,而不是总收入。一旦确定了公司现有的可支配收入,你就应该确定如何花这些钱。

Step 2: Determine where you want to spend marketing funds

步骤2:确定如何支配营销资金

After you know the total amount available to spend on marketing, the next step is how you plan to spend that money. Three main factors decide how you spend marketing funds: the budget amount, your

past experiences, and where you can reach the right audience.

下一步就是当你知道可用于营销的资金总额后,你就应该计划如何花这些钱。三个因素决定如何使用营销资金:预算额度、以往经验和寻找目标客户。

You will start organizing how to spend the funds based on the amount. Besides, you need to consider the strategies that have worked in the past. Also, you need to consider which marketing channels will allow you to reach the right audience.

基于已有额度你要开始策划如何使用这些资金。除此之外,你需要考虑以往工作中的营销策略,还要考虑寻找目标客户的营销渠道。

Step 3:

Assess

assess

/əˈses/

vt.评定;估价

data and make appropriate changes

第三步:评估数据和适当调整

The final step in building a good marketing budget is the analysis of the plan and any changes that may improve revenue.

ultimately

ultimately

/ˈʌltɪmətli/

adv.最后;根本,基本上

, marketing is designed to bring in extra revenue.

Ultimately, marketing is designed to bring in extra revenue.

市场营销的最终目的是带来额外收益。be designed to 旨在,目的......。例如:The tests are designed to detect the disease early.这些检查旨在早期查出疾病。bring in 引进;生产;赚(钱)。例如:I have three part-time jobs, which bring in about £14,000a year. 我有3份兼职工作,一年能挣大约14000英镑。

If the activity does not bring in any

additional

additional

/əˈdɪʃənl/

adj.额外的,附加的

revenue over its cost, then it is better to change strategy and try something else.

做好一个营销预算的最后一步是分析,即对可提高收入的计划和可能产生的变化进行分析。市场营销的最终目

的是带来额外收益。如果营销活动不带来任何额外的收入,那么最好是改变战略,尝试别的方法。

Assessing the data is a vital part of creating an effective marketing strategy.Evaluation begins with comparing past performance to the performance after marketing the product or services.

数据评估是制定有效市场营销策略的重要一环。评估始于对产品销售和服务的过去的业绩与现状进行比较。

However, a good budget alone is not enough. You have to take action and

remain committed

remain / be committed to

致力于,专心致志于

to following through your plan. By keeping the budget in mind when you make decisions, you will have the opportunity to work out different strategies to find the best solutions for your business goals and prevent overspending on marketing.

Assessing the data is a vital part of creating an eff ective marketing strategy.

数据评估是制定有效市场营销策略的重要一环。assessing the data 数据评估,这里是动名词短语作主语。动名词作主语的应用非常广泛。例如:Talking mends no holes.空谈无济于事。

然而,仅仅有一个好的预算方案是不够的。你必须付诸行动,继续致力于实施你的计划。在你决策时,只有不忘预算,你才有机会找到多种策略和相应措施,达到商业目标,并防止营销超支。

查看翻译

Unit 6译文

国家开放大学外语教学部 熊英 (发布时间:2017-06-23)

任务三

亨利到达了北京首都国际机场。他领取了自己的行李后,去海关检查。

亨利:早上好,长官。

海关:早上好,先生。欢迎到北京。

亨利:谢谢!打扰一下,这是我第一次到中国,我对中国的海关通关规则不太熟悉。

海关:别担心,相当简单。请给我看一下您的护照,好吗?

亨利:当然,给你。

海关:你为什么到北京来呢?

亨利:我出差来参加亚太经合组织峰会,先生。

海关:我明白了。你会在这里待多久呢?

亨利:大约一周。

海关:北京的天气比以前好多了,希望您在北京期间过得愉快。

亨利:那是好消息呀!谢谢,希望如此。

海关:你有什么要报关的吗?

亨利:事实上,我不确定。

海关:您能给我说说您的手提电脑吗?

亨利:好的,我随身携带了一台手提电脑和一台照相机。都是供个人使用。

海关:那么,你不用付税。但是你通过海关的时候,需要把它们拿出来。

亨利:我会的。

海关:请走这边,祝你过得愉快!

亨利:好吧,谢谢你!

任务四

在北京首都国际机场,亨利朝出口走去,彼得走上前去迎接他。

彼得:打扰一下,你是史密斯先生吗?

亨利:喔,你肯定是彼得。

彼得:很高兴见到你,史密斯先生。

亨利:我也很高兴见到你。

彼得:旅程怎样呢? 亨利:相当好,但是有点累。

彼得:我们的车在停车场。我们先去宾馆吗?

亨利:是的,我真的需要好好休息一下。彼得,您能帮我一下吗?

彼得:是的,当然。

亨利:请问你能帮我把这个手提箱和盒子搬上车吗? 它们太沉了,我搬不动。

彼得:很乐意,先生(试着提了下盒子),你把整个美国都放进了这个盒子。真的很沉,哈哈!请待在这里,我去拿手推车。

亨利:顺便说一句,你知道哪里可以买到薄荷糖吗?周围好像没有商店。

彼得:我知道商店在哪里。需要我去给您买点薄荷糖吗?

亨利:您真是太好了。

彼得回来了,他们走出了大门。

亨利:喔,见到了太阳,太好了。我总在担心北京的雾霾。

彼得:是的,天气似乎放晴了。这是好的变化,对吧?我们正在经历一个大的改善呀!

亨利:这样阳光灿烂,天气好得让人难以置信啊!

任务五

中国尽力迎战空气污染

几天来,多地持续出现雾霾天气。中国正在采取多种措施控制空气污染,包括机动车出行以及暂停工厂生产。

每周,都会有最新理念的新闻报道,这些报道都试图解决中国面临的严重空气污染问题。武汉正考虑用高科技物质建造摩天大楼。它能“吞噬”空气污染物。一位艺术家提出吸取北京肮脏空气中的微粒。一位研究人员建议在中国首都建造“都市风带通道“。

减少污染需要极大的努力。资助能产生极大影响,中国已经加大了对环境研究方面的投资。今年16亿美元的资金专用于空气污染研究。也认真安排时间及资金用于人工降雨。而且,一项更清洁的加热系统将会在北京兴建,用来控制空气污染。国家环境总署周三宣称,一项试验项目将会利用可再生能源,例如风能来供热。

今年,北京气象局说它会投放320万美金资金用于天气改善,旨在减少烟雾。根据《中国日报》官方报道,这是第一次把针对空气污染的天气改善计划列为预算中的一个直接项目。

气象局说资金会用于试验和购买设备。到2015年,当地气象局有望使用天气改善方法来提高空气质量。

任务六

如何控制空气污染

人为空气污染有两个源头:移动源和静止源。移动源是汽车,飞机,轮船等。静止源包括大型工厂,发电厂和家庭使用,家庭生活每天需要燃烧天然气或者木材。减少空气污染最重要的方法是少开车,少用电和天然气,和吃素。

这些想法容易做:

1. 定期检查车辆以确保所有部件正常运转。任何时候都尽可能选择步行,骑自行车,合伙用车,或使用公共交通。购买省油的车辆。开车的时候,以每小时60英里或以下的速度行驶,可以提高每英里汽油消耗量。

2. 用较少天然气来煮饭或加热房屋。转而使用太阳能灶具或加热器,并在加热器上面安装额外图层面板。

3.成为一位素食者。饲养家畜比单纯种植农作物作为食物来源需要更多的土地,也释放出更多的二氧化碳。

4.少用电。煤炭发电厂生产世界上最多的电力,他们也比其他能源产生更多的二氧化碳。煤炭发电厂也排放许多其他污染物。电视,手机充电器及其他家用电器设备,当不使用时,拔掉电源插头。许多设备,即使关掉他们的电源,仍然继续使用少量能量。避免使用空调,不要让冰箱长时间开箱门。只有当洗衣机或洗碗机装满了的时候,才打开它们使用。在阳光下晾晒衣物,而不是使用烘干机。

Road Closure Procedures in Sydney

悉尼道路封闭程序

To minimize traffic jams in the city center and on

major

major

/ˈmeɪdʒər/

adj.主要的,重要的

roads out of

Sydney

Sydney

/ˈsɪdni/

n.悉尼(澳大利亚城市)

,

To minimize traffic jams in the city center and on major roads out of Sydney...

为了减少悉尼市中心和主要道路的交通堵塞......to minimize ... 是动词不定式短语位于句首作目的状语。例如:To learn English well, we should often practice listening, speaking, reading and writing. 为了学好英语,我们应该常练习听、说、读、写。

the City's highway department will not agree to road closures

schedule

schedule

/ˈskedʒuːl/

vt.为......安排时间,做日程计划

for weekdays or Saturdays. On

minor

minor

/ˈmaɪnər/

adj.次要的;较小的

roads outside the city center, weekdays and Saturdays may be considered. You must

apply for

apply for

/ˈmaɪnər/

(正式)申请,求(职),要求(工作)等

approval

approval

/əˈpruːvl/

n.批准,认可

to do roadwork and other road-related activities

You must apply for approval to do roadwork and other road-related activities ...

你只有在申请获批后,才能进行道路施工及与道路有关的活动......apply for(正式)申请,求(职),要求(工

作等)。例如:Over two hundred people applied for the job.有超过200人申请了这份工作。road-related与道路有关的。这是名词与动词的过去分词一起构成的新形容词。又如:street-based街头的,man-made人造的。

, tree cutting and use of very large

construction

construction

/kənˈstrʌkʃn/

n.建设;建筑物

machinery

machinery

/məˈʃiːnəri/

n.机械装置;机器

,

ladder

ladder

/ˈlædər/

n.梯子;阶梯

, etc. Please note that approval is needed if you plan to block the road or

footpath

footpath

/ˈfʊtpæθ/

n.人行道,小路

.

Please note that approval is needed if you plan to block the road or footpath.

请注意,如果计划封锁道路或人行道,是需要获得批准才能进行的。note注意。这里是动词。例如:Please note that you don't need to respond directly to this message. 请注意,你不必直接回复此信息。Suddenly, I noted that the car had stopped. 突然,我注意到车子已经停了。

为了减少悉尼市中心和主要道路的交通堵塞,市公路局不会同意工作日或周六的道路封闭,不过可考虑市中心外的次要道路的封闭。道路施工或实施与道路有关的活动,如砍树、使用大型筑路机械、云梯等,必须提交申请。请注意,如果计划封锁道路或人行道,是需要获得批准才能进行的。

Applications to have a road closed to traffic must be completed and sent to the Department's Traffic Calming Committee at least a month before the scheduled date.

Applications to have a road closed to traffic must be completed and sent to the Department's Traffic Calming Committee at least a month before the scheduled date.

道路交通封闭申请必须在离预定日期至少一个月之前提交给交通稳静化委员会。这句话的主语是Applications, 谓语是must be completed and sent ...。to have a road closed to traffic是不定式短语作定语,修饰applications。例如:He bought a magazine to read during the long journey. 他买了一本杂志在长途旅行中阅读。Traffic Calming交通稳静化,是道路设计中减速技术的总称,即通过道路系统的硬设施(如物理措施等)及软设施(如、立法、技术标准等)降低机动车对居民生活质量及环境产生的负面影响。

道路交通封闭申请必须在离预定日期至少一个月之前提交给交通稳静化委员会。

Roads can be closed

partially

partially

/ˈpɑːrʃəli/

adv.部分地,局部地

or

fully

fully

/ˈfʊli/

adv.完全地,全部地

,

depend on

depend on

/ˈfʊli/

取决于;依赖

your requirements. Partial road closures are only allowed in light traffic areas where there will be at least 1lane for traffic with extra traffic control

measures

measure

/ˈmeʒər/

v.(尺寸、长短、数量等)量度为;测量,估量 n.措施;测量

to

make sure

make sure (that)

确保;查明,弄清

2-way traffic can continue to run for the duration of the work. Any change of traffic flow will

require

require

/rɪˈkwaɪər/

vt.要求;需要

the

proposal

proposal

/prəˈpoʊzl/

n.提议,建议

to be

treated

treat

/triːt/

vt.对待;治疗 n.招待,款待

as a full road closure.

Any change of traffic flow will require the proposal to be treated as a full road closure.

以任何方式改变交通流量都被视为全面封路,需要提交申请。该句中,动词不定式短语to be treated as a full road closure用作宾语补足语。例如:He wanted the job to be done as soon as possible.他希望工作尽快完成。

For further information about a partial road closure, please

refer to

refer to

参考,查阅;涉及

Contacts.

根据要求,道路可实行全封闭或部分封闭。部分道路封闭只允许在交通不繁忙的地段进行,封闭期间至少得有一条车道用于通行,辅以交通管制措施保证双向交通顺畅通行。以任何方式改变交通流量都被视为全面封路,需要提交申请。

If you are organizing a

parade

parade

/pəˈreɪd/

n.;阅兵

,

march

march

/mɑːrtʃ/

n.示威;行进

or other type of street-based

event

event

/ɪˈvent/

n.事件,大事

, approval is also required and we

recommend

recommend

/ˌrekəˈmend/

vt.推荐;建议

you choose one of our 4

preferred route

preferred route

优先路线,优选路线

. Choosing an

existing

existing

/ɪɡˈzɪstɪŋ/

adj.目前的,现存的

route

route

/ruːt

n.路线;途径

reduce

reduce

/rɪˈduːs/

vt.减少;缩小

the amount of planning you will need to do.

Choosing an existing route reduces the amount of planning you will need to do.

选择一条现有的(等)线路,会使你要做的准备工作减少很多。动名词短语choosing an existing route在句中作主语。例如:Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 阅读使人充实,谈论使人机智,写作使人精确。

Unit 7译文

国家开放大学外语教学部 熊英 (发布时间:2017-06-23)

任务三

莉莉正在给丽莎分享网购经验。

莉莉:最近如何?你在忙着过光棍节吗?

丽莎:嗯,我正纠结于网购呢。

莉莉: 怎么样,还好吗? 买到啥好东西了?

丽莎:哦,没有,坦白说,我很少网购。你能给我分享一下网购的经验吗?

莉莉: 呃,网购有很多优点,最明显的一点就是便利。只要有网络和足够多的钱,你几乎可以通过网络买到任何

东西。但是,有几点需要注意,尤其是安全问题。

丽莎:真的吗?

莉莉:嗯,当你网购时,最好不要使用公共无线网络。

丽莎:你的意思是?

莉莉:我的意思是,最佳方式是使用你自己的手机或电脑来操作,并且,你需要确认网址都是值得信赖的。

丽莎: 哦,我明白了。

莉莉:除此以外,你要保护好你的登录密码,因为所有的交易都是通过银行账户完成的。设置密码时,多用数字加字母的混合形式,增加其难度系数。这样,密码泄露事件不太可能发生。

丽莎:哦,我有许多东西要学习,非常感谢你!

莉莉:不客气。

任务四

丽莎正在分析网购调查问卷。

莉莉:嗨,丽莎,很忙吗?现在?

丽莎:是的,我正在收集双十一网购客户的问卷。

莉莉:真的吗? 听上去挺有意思的。

丽莎:嗯,结果相当令人惊讶。你认为最受欢迎的网络产品是什么?

莉莉:一定是服装。

丽莎:不是,起初我也这么认为,但是调查结果显示我的想法是错误的。

莉莉:怎么可能呢?假如最受欢迎的网售商品不是服装,那是什么呢?

丽莎:不要感到惊讶。根据调查结果,在线课程排第一,尤其是会计和语言课程。

莉莉:真的吗?真是令人难以置信。下一个是什么?应该是服装或零食吧,对吗?

丽莎:你又错了。结果也令我震惊。紧随网络课程之后排第二的是保健产品。

莉莉: 这个结果也让我惊讶。你刚给我上了一课,我要改变对于网购的理解了。

丽莎:请坐,我给你展示更多你意料之外的调查结果。

莉莉: 好,我对此确实很好奇。

任务五

光棍节:中国在线购物的节日

二十世纪九十年代的时候,当时的一些中国大学生开玩笑地宣布11月11日是全国光棍节的时候, 他们本来不会想到自己已经创造了世界上最大的网购狂欢。这个节日源于几个年轻人嘲笑自己单身并邀请单身朋友去酒吧、饭馆、卡拉OK玩乐。他们选择11月11日是由于1是最孤单的数字等原因。然后,商家们开始关注(这个日子)。

在2009年,在线零售巨商阿里巴巴宣布11月11日淘宝每件商品会以半价销售,对于中国单身男女以及已婚

人士而言,这是第一次在光棍节这天享受网购的大笔折扣。接下来的几年里,阿里巴巴、京东等各大电商都加大了在光棍节当天的促销范围和力度,销售额也因此激增。

在2014 年,阿里巴巴集团在“双十一”这一天销售量达到了57.1 亿美元,创下了五年以来“双十一”网购销量的新纪录。这比美国感恩节、黑色星期五、网购星期一加起来的总销售额37亿美元还要高很多。

网络购物安全建议

网络购物方便、简单、快捷,最重要的是,它现在非常流行。在网购以前,有几件事需要了解,你需要确保采用了必要的安全步骤。你还需要了解的是,点击几次鼠标之后,你的钱就被花掉了。接下来你就能享受网络带来的乐趣和便捷。

网购时,这里有些建议给你,以保护自己。

拥有一台干净的电脑:安装最新的安全软件、网络浏览器和操作系统,能为防御病毒和其他在线威胁提供最好的防护。

设置的密码要长而强:设置一个既有大小写字母、又有数字和符号的密码;

唯一的账号、唯一的密码:每个账户各有密码,这可以让网络罪犯难以攻击你。

一旦有疑问,立刻放弃:电子邮件中的链接、博客、邮件、广告常常是网络罪犯用来攻击你的电脑的途径,一旦有疑问,最好是立刻删除,或者如果合适的话,标为垃圾信息。

保管好你的钱财:当交易和网购时,要确保网址是安全的。查找带有“https://...”或者“shttp://... ”的网址时,这意味着网站要采取额外的措施帮助确保你的信息安全。“http://... ”网站是不安全的。

三思而后行:当网络经销商或在线客服催促你立刻行动,提供一些好得不真实的商品,或者问你要个人信息时,你要三思而后行。

帮助打击网络犯罪:向互联网犯罪投诉中心或其他当地机构报告失窃的财物、个人信息以及其它网络犯罪行为。

Beijing's Roads for the Future

北京未来的道路系统

The road system in Beijing's central business district (CBD) is being

re-design

re-design

/ˌriːdɪˈzaɪn/

vt.再设计

to make public transportation easy and improve efficiency.

北京中心商务区(CBD)的道路系统正在被重新设计,以便让公共交通更加便捷。

Plans for 45 roads within the CBD have been approved,

measuring

measure

/ˈmeʒər/

v.(尺寸、长短、数量等)量度为;测量,估量 n.措施;测量

41.5 kilometers in total.

Plans for 45 roads within the CBD have been approved, measuring 41.5 kilometers in total.

在CBD内新建45条道路的规划已获批准,总长度为41.5千米。当measure用作动词时,如果主语是人,其意思是“测量,估量”;如果主语是物,则指“(长度、宽度、数量的)数值为”。例如:He measured the length and width of the gap. 他测量了一下这条缝隙的长与宽。The house is more than twenty meters long and measures six meters in width.这座房子长20多,宽6米。in total 总共,总计。例如:In total, we plan to shut down at least 800 data centers. 我们计划总共关闭至少800个数据中心。These products, in total, account for about 80% of all our sales. 这些产品总共约占我们全部销售额的80%。

In addition to

in addition to

除......之外

public buses, free or low price

shuttle buses

shuttle bus

班车,专线车(在较短距离之间往返的交通车),穿梭巴士

from

residence

residence

/ˈrezɪdəns/

n.住宅,住处

areas to subway stations will also be provided for

commuters

commuter

/kəˈmjuːtər/

n.通勤者,经常乘公共车辆往返者

.

在CBD内新建四十五条道路的规划已获批准,总长度为41.5公里。除公交车外,还将向上班族提供免费或廉价的班车往返于居住地与地铁站之间。

This is just over four times the number of roads opened in 2007, and will add another 15.5 km to the existing road network.

规划中的道路略高于2007年开通道路的四倍,将在现有道路网的基础上增加15.5公里。

Besides roads, an derground traffic system has also been operating, which includes four new subway lines beneath the CBD.

除了道路,一套地下交通系统也一直在运行,包括在CBD下运行的四条地铁线。

The underground

connection

connection

/kəˈnekʃn/

n.连接;关系

system

is made up of

be made up of

由......组成,由......构成

two levels. The first underground floor is

set aside

set aside

留出;存(钱),划拨(钱);放置一边,不理会

mainly for

pedestrians

pedestrian

/pəˈdestriən/

n.行人,步行者

and

commercial

commercial

/kəˈmɜːrʃl/

adj.商业的;营利的

facilities, while the second underground floor is planned for parking.

The first underground floor is set aside mainly for pedestrians and commercial facilities, while the

second underground floor is planned for parking.

地下一层主要用于行人和商业设施,而地下二层计划为停车场。注意该句中while作并列连词用,表对比,意为“而......”。例如:Most cinema-goers are young people, while the old people prefer watching TV at home. 大多数年轻人喜欢去电影院看电影,而老年人偏爱在家看电视。set aside 留出;存(钱),划拨(钱)。例如:£ 130million would be set aside for repairs to schools. 将划拨1.3亿英镑用于学校的修缮。

地下互联系统有两层,地下一层主要用于行人和商业设施,而地下二层计划为停车场。

The city has also invested 140 million yuan to set up a traffic

inquiry

inquiry

/ɪnˈkwaɪəri/

n.询问,打听

system, through which the public can check traffic conditions online and see the most

convenient

convenient

/kənˈviːniənt/

adj.方便的,便利的

routes on their GPS system.

he city has also invested 140 million yuan to set up a traffic inquiry system, through which the public can check traffic conditions online and see the most convenient routes on their GPS system.

北京市还投资1.4亿元建立了一个交通查询系统,通过这个系统,市民可以在网上查询交通状况,在GPS系统上查到最方便的路线。through which是“介词+关系代词”结构,在此处引导非性定语从句来修饰限定先行词system。关系代词作介词宾语时,常常把介词置于关系代词之前。介词的选择取决于其与作先行词的名词、代词的搭配,或与定语从句中谓语动词的搭配。例如:This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。Frank's dream was to have his own shop in which he could sell the workings of his own hands. 弗兰克的梦想是拥有一家可以销售自己的手工制品的商店。

In the future, the CBD will be fully covered by an

intelligent

intelligent

/ɪnˈtelɪdʒənt/

adj.智能的;聪明的

traffic control system.

Unit 8译文

国家开放大学外语教学部 熊英 (发布时间:2017-06-23)

任务三

苏珊是大一新生,她想知道在哪儿买智能手机。

苏珊:打扰一下,我是新生,您能告诉我在哪里能买到智能手机吗?

凯西:当然,你去王牌手机通信店,那是离这儿最近的移动电话商店。

苏珊: 呃,抱歉,但是我不知道如何去那儿。

凯西:不要着急,你有地图吗?

苏珊: 有,给你。

凯西:我们一起看一看地图,这是我们现在所处的位置。要去王牌手机通信店,你要穿过这个广场朝南走。

苏珊: 好的,然后呢?

凯西: 手机店在过了体育馆大概500码(457.2米)的位置,就在你的左手边。你会看到店外的标志。

苏珊: 难怪我迷路了,我走错了方向。非常感谢你的帮助!

凯西:不客气,祝你好运!

任务四

苏姗对于她的新智能手机感到很高兴,她回到教室,向同学们炫耀她的手机。

苏珊:看!我刚得到一部新的智能手机。

比尔:哇!真棒!请让我看一看。

苏珊:好,看吧。

比尔:这不是最知名的苹果6吗?

苏珊: 是的,最吸引我的是这款手机的强大功能,比如4G、120万像素摄像头、录像、音乐播放器、调频收音机、存储卡等等。

比尔: 噢,天哪!看起来这部小小的手机无所不能啊。

苏珊: 是的,完全同意你的看法,哥们。就科技发展而言,你永远不知道在前方等待我们的是什么。

比尔: 这真是科技的魔力。

苏珊: 确实如此!这让我想起《阿甘正传》中的一句名言:人生就像一盒巧克力,你永远不知道你会尝到什么滋味。

比尔: 我迫不及待地想买一部,请告诉我怎么去移动电话商店。

苏珊: 你知道我的电话有定位系统,能帮助你找到这家店。看,找到了,我把移动电话商店设置为目的地,你仅需要跟随导航,我相信你会找到这家店。

比尔: 太棒了!你真好,竟然把你的新手机借给我,非常感谢!

苏珊: 愿意为你效劳。

任务五

我们需要暂停使用数码产品!

一个4岁的小孩,不知道什么是电子邮件或者聊天软件,向上帝祷告说:“请给我造一部智能手机吧”。这个小孩之所以向上帝许这个愿望,是因为他觉得父母完全被这个叫“智能手机”的神奇装置给“粘”住了,而没时间看他一眼。在这个家里,智能手机比小孩得到更多的关注,他们的父母亲身在家中,心却在别处。

这个设备成了我们日常生活中不可分割的一部分,并且让我们如此着迷,这些都是事实。如果我们隔几分钟没看手机就会开始焦躁不安。我们对手机提示音或一条信息回应的速度,比对回应另一个房间的家庭成员的呼唤要快。我们都需要摆脱这种低头综合征。我们都需要和现实世界连接沟通。我们都需要将这项科技正确应用而不是成为它的奴隶。

那么我们应该怎么做呢?解决办法很简单, 那就是暂停使用数码产品。这意味着,当你每天下班回家后,你只需关掉你所有的电子设备或者把它们设置成静音几个小时,或者至少一会儿。接着你做什么呢? 你可以和你的家人共渡时光,和妻子或者丈夫聊聊天、和孩子玩玩游戏、和其他家庭成员共同做做事等,处于现实生活中。很快你就会意识到,智能手机之外的世界会更加有趣。

任务六

一部手机能有多智能化?

市场上有各种各样的智能手机。他们有一个共同点,就是集电话和电脑的功能于口袋大小的装置上。除了通话这一功能以外,智能手机还有多种用途。它们能让你:

保持连接

除了可以时刻连接你最喜欢的社交网络外,智能手机还能让你随时随地使用搜索引擎、在网店购物、并将所有最新消息和赛事送达你的手中。无论你身在何处,只要在线,它就会在你掌握之中。

保持联系

拥有智能手机,你能够在掌中接收、阅读和回复电子邮件。无论你是在邮局排队、在机场候机,还是在登山,亦或是在家看电视,你知道你不会错过重要客户的电子邮件。有些智能手机能够让你浏览、编辑以及寄出附件,因此你能够在周一早晨老板抵达办公室之前,向老板做汇报。

有条不紊

除此以外,智能手机也是一个多功能的掌上电脑。智能手机配有地址簿、日历、计算器、录音机、全球定位系统及其它许多功能。它们使得你的个人和职场生活顺利。它们还有照相机,能让你拍照、分享相片和视频。

完成工作

假如你需要在办公室以外工作,请选择一部带有基本业务工具的手机。许多手机有简单的文字处理工具、电子表格和数据库程序。你也可以从第三方售货商处下载许多程序。

Food Safety

食品安全

A question that often troubles food companies is how to control problems like

rats

rat

/ræt/

n.老鼠

and

insect

insect

/ˈɪnsekt/

n.昆虫

without harming the food.

A question that often troubles food companies is how to control problems like rats and insects without harming the food.

经常困扰食品公司的一个问题是,如何控制老鼠和昆虫,同时又不会对食物造成破坏。下文中还有一句:Containers for raw materials such as rice, wheat, etc. should be kept closed and clean.储存大米、小麦等原材料的容器应封闭好,并保持清洁。这两句话中的like和such as都用于举例。例如:Some of the European languages come from Latin, such as French, Italian and Spanish.有些欧洲语言来源于拉丁语,如法语、意大利语和西班牙语。Some warm-blooded animals, like / such as the cat, the dog or the wolf, do not need to hibernate.一些温血动物,像猫、狗或狼都不需要冬眠。

Pest control experts say

poison

poison

/ˈpɔɪzn/

n.毒药

should never be used where they may enter food. They say the first line of

defense

defense

/dɪˈfens/

n.保护,防御

against pests is to clean the places where the food is handled or stored.

经常困扰食品公司的一个问题是,如何控制老鼠和昆虫,同时又不会对食物造成破坏。鼠害控制专家说,凡是在毒药有可能污染食物的地方决不能使用毒药。他们说,防止鼠害的第一道防线就是将加工和储存食品的地方弄干净。

Floors, food preparation surfaces and tools can be

disinfect

disinfect

/dɪsɪnˈfekt/

vt.为......除菌,替......消毒

with chemicals like

chlorine

chlorine

/ˈklɔːriːn/

n.氯,氯气

iodine

iodine

/ˈaɪədaɪn/

n.碘

or

bromine

bromine

/ˈbroʊmiːn/

n.溴

. Food containers should be stored about half a meter off the ground and about half a meter away from any walls. Storage areas should be kept dry and clean.

Storage areas should be kept dry and clean.

存储区域应保持干燥和清洁。dry and clean 是形容词短语作主语补足语。例如:I find learning English difficult. 我觉得英语很难学。

地板、食品加工场地和工具可以用氯、碘、溴等化学物进行消毒。装食品的容器的设置应高出地面半米,且离墙半米。存储区域应保持干燥和清洁。

Containers for raw materials such as rice, wheat, etc. should be kept closed and clean. Any

foodstuff

foodstuff

/ˈfuːdstʌf/

n.食料,食材

split

split

/spɪlt/

v.,分开

during delivery or handling should be cleared up both inside and outside the building.

Pests

pest

/pest/

n.害虫

enter a building from the outside, so pay attention to outer walls. Small stones can be used to cover the ground and block the growth of plants and the grass should be kept short to deny pests a place to live.

. . . to deny pests a place to live.

不给害虫生存的空间。deny sb. sth. 剥夺某人关于某事的权利。注意,这里动词deny后接的是双宾语。又如:He denies his son nothing. = He denies nothing to his son. 他对儿子总是有求必应。

装原材料如大米、小麦等的容器应加盖严实,保持干净。在食品运输或加工过程中,任何洒落在室内外的食物都要清理干净。老鼠是从室外进入屋内的,因此要注意检查外墙。可用小石子铺上地面以阻止草木生长,长出的草要剪短,使老鼠无藏身之处。

Check that doors and windows are completely closed. Also any hole that might allow pests to enter a building should be filled. Rats can enter through a hole the size of a coin. A mouse can pass through a hole half that size.

门窗要经常检查,确保严实无缝,任何老鼠可能钻进来的洞都要堵上。田鼠可从一个硬币大小的洞钻进屋内,

而半个硬币大小的洞则可让家鼠钻进来。

Supervisors

supervisor

/ˈsuːpərvaɪzər/

n.监督者,管理者

should make a list of pest control measures to be taken by employees.

Supervisors should make a list of pest control measures to be taken by employees.

管理者应当给员工列出需要采取的害虫防治措施。to be taken by employees是动词不定式的被动语态作定语,修饰限定前面的名词measures。take measures to do sth. 采取措施做某事。例如:The government has taken measures to improve the economy. 已采取措施改善经济。Not knowing what proper measures to be taken to deal with the situation, he wrote to his lawyer for advice. 不知道该采取什么措施应付这种局面,他给律师写信求助。

This will aid the efforts and also help prepare for any

inspections

inspection

/ɪnˈspekʃn/

n.检查,视察

. In most countries, there is a food and administration

bureau

bureau

/ˈbjʊroʊ/

n.局

,or some

agency

agency

/ˈeɪdʒənsi/

n.代理机构;(的)专门机构

with a similar name, which

enforces

enforce

/ɪnˈfɔːrs/

vt.强制实行;强迫

rules nationwide, responsible for rules about the use of

pesticides

pesticide

/ˈpestɪsaɪd/

n.杀虫剂,农药

, etc. However, businesses where food is stored, prepared or sold must also follow state and local health laws. Most of these governmental departments or bureaus have their websites with information about food safety policies and other issues. People can easily

access

access

/ˈækses/

vt.获取(信息);到达;使用 n.机会,权利;通道

the information.

The International Food Safety Authorities Network (INFOSAN)

国际食品安全当局网络

With the rapid

globalization

globalization

/ɡloʊbələˈzeɪʃn/

n.全球化

of food production and trade, international issues related to food safety are likely to increase.

... international issues related to food safety are likely to increase.

......国际食品安全问题有可能会增加。be likely to很有可能;后接动词原形,与be likely that意思相同,但that后要接从句。这句话也可改为... it is likely that international issues related to food safety will increase. 又如:He is likely to come tomorrow morning. = It is likely that he will come tomorrow morning. 他明天有可能会来。

Food safety

authorities

authority

/əˈθɔːrəti/

n.当局;权威;权力

all over the world have realized that food safety problems should be carried out at both national and international levels. There is a

pressing

pressing

/ˈpresɪŋ/

adj.紧迫的,迫切的

need for exchanging routine information on food safety issues, and sharing experiences and information quickly when a food safety related event takes place.

随着食品生产和贸易的迅速全球化,国家食品安全问题有可能会增加。世界各地的食品安全部门意识到,解决食品安全问题应在国家和国际这两个层面进行。发生重大食品安全问题时,迫切需要交换常规的食品安全信息,快速分享经验和信息。

INFOSAN is a

joint

joint

/dʒɔɪnt/

adj.联合的,合办的;共同的

program between the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). This

global

global

/ˈɡloʊbl/

adj.全球的

network includes 181 Member States. Each has a

designated

designate

/ˈdezɪɡneɪt/

vt.指定;委派

INFOSAN Emergency

Contact

contact

/ˈkɑːntækt/

n.&vt.联络

Point which manages communication between national food safety authorities.

国际食品安全当局网络(INFOSAN)由世界卫生组织(WHO)和联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)共同承担。这一全球性网络包括181个成员国。每个成员国都有一个指定的国际食品安全当局网络紧急联络点,负责各国食品安全部门之间的联系。

The network

aims

aim

/eɪm/

vt.以......为目标

to:

该网络旨在:

●Promote the rapid exchange of information during food safety related events;

●促进食品安全事件发生期间的信息快速交换;

●Share information on important food safety related issues of global interest;

●分享全球共同关心的重要食品安全问题的信息;

●Promote partnership and

cooperation

cooperation

/koʊˌɑːpəˈreɪʃn/

n.合作,协作

between countries;

●促进各国之间的协同合作;

●Help countries strengthen their

capacity

capacity

/kəˈpæsəti/

n.能力;容量

to manage food safety risks.

●帮助各国提高管理食品风险的能力。

As part of its

routine

routine

/ruːˈtiːn/

adj.日常的;例行的 n.惯例,常规

activities, the INFOSAN

Secretariat

secretariat

/sekrəˈteriət/

n.秘书处

publishes reports in six languages and provides members with summaries and

guidance

guidance

/ˈɡaɪdns/

n.指导,引导;领导

on relevant food safety issues.

As part of its routine activities, the INFOSAN Secretariat publishes reports in six languages and provides members with summaries and guidance on relevant food safety issues.

作为日常活动的一部分,国际食品安全当局网秘书处用六种语言发布报告,为成员国提供有关食品安全问题的总结和指导。provide sb. with sth. 为某人提供某物,与provide sth. for sb. 意思相同,但介词with和for不可混淆。例如:The firm has provided me with a car. / The firm has provided a car for me.公司给我配了车。The company will provide free drinks and pizza for all conference participants. 公司会给参会人员免费提供饮料和比萨。但如果provide后面的宾语是help,aid和assistance等,常用介词to。例如课文最后一句:INFOSAN can work with other international organizations to provide assistance to the countries or regions with emerging food safety events of possible international concern. 国际食品安全当局网可以与其他国际组织合作,对可能发生引起国际关注的食品安全事件的国家和地区提供援助。

作为日常生活的一部分,国际食品安全当局网络秘书处用六种语言发布报告,为成员国提供相关的食品安全问题总结和指导。

INFOSAN helps exchange food safety information and experience among its members. It is also a useful resource for other public health organizations which recognize INFOSAN as an organization through which findings of investigations and strategies for improving food safety may be shared.

It is also a useful resource for other public health organizations which recognize INFOSAN as an organization through which findings of investigations and strategies for improving food safety may be shared.

对于其他公共卫生组织来说,这也是一个有用的资源。其他公共卫生组织认为,国际食品安全当局网是一个可以分享食品安全问题的调查结果和改善策略的组织。这个句子中有两个定语从句,都用which引导。第一个定语从句中,which作从句的主语;第二个定语从句中,which作介词through的宾语,整个介词短语through which 作状语(请参看Unit 4语言注释25)。

国际食品安全当局网络促进各成员国之间食品安全信息和经验的交换。对于其他公共卫生组织来说,这也是一个有用的资源。其他公共卫生组织认为国际食品安全当局网络是一个可以分享食品安全问题调查结果和改善食品安全策略的组织。

INFOSAN monitors possible international food safety related events in close cooperation with the WHO

Alert

alert

/əˈlɜːrt/

n.戒备状态;警报

and Response Operations program.INFOSAN can work with other international organizations to provide assistance to the countries or regions with emerging food safety events of possible international concern.

Door-Knocking

上门探访

Door-knocking is the most effective way of making face-to-face community contact, but it has become a lost

art

art

/ɑːrt/

n.技巧,本领;艺术,美术;美术(作)品,艺术(作)品

.8 With the recent focus on customer

privacy

privacy

/ˈpraɪvəsi/

n.隐私权,隐私

, door-knocking seems like an

intrusion

intrusion

/ɪnˈtruːʒn/

n.闯入,侵入

into other people's lives.

With the recent focus on customer privacy, door-knocking seems like an intrusion into other people's lives.

随着近来对客户隐私的重视,上门探访似乎成了对他人生活的入侵。此处,focus(注意力或兴趣的)中心,焦点(参见本单元注释3),为名词。例如:We shall maintain our focus on the needs of our community. 我们将继续重点关注社区的需求。

But those who try it for the first time are usually surprised by the pleasant reception they receive.

But those who try it for the first time are usually surprised by the pleasant reception they receive.

但是,第一次尝试的人们往往会为其受到的友好接待而感到惊讶。此句含有两个定语从句,第一个定语从句who try it for the first time修饰those;it上文中提到的door-knocking;for the first time第一次,首次,在句中作状语。例如:For the first time I felt regret and sorrow. 我第一次感到后悔和难过。... are usually surprised by the pleasant reception是整句话的谓语部分,为被动语态。they receive是第二个定语从句,修饰the pleasant

reception,句中省略了关系代词which / that。

Here are some suggestions that will help you promote your services face-to-face.

上门探访是进行社区面对面交流的最有效的方法,但它已经成为了一门失传的艺术。随着近来对客户隐私的重视,上门探访似乎是对他人生活的侵扰。但是第一次尝试上门探访的人通常会为自己受到的友好接待而感到惊喜。接下来是几条能帮助你提高面对面服务效果的建议。

BEFORE YOU GO OUT

在你出动之前

◆Begin with a door hanger

◆—先挂上门牌

Try leaving a door hanger two days before you go door-knocking. It should briefl y describe the project and say that someone will be around in person.

尝试在你去上门探访的前两天留一个门牌。门牌上应该简要的描述你的来意,并说明最近会有人亲自上门拜访。

◆ Wear an official name

tag

tag

/tæɡ/

n.标签,标牌

◆戴上正式的名牌

Door-knockers should wear name tags with the logo of their organization. The best name tags will also include a color photo and the name of the caller.

上门探访者应该戴上有你们组织标识的名牌,好的名牌上会有彩色证件照和探访者的姓名。

Have people knock their own blocks

◆让当地人敲开自己街区的门

The easiest way to do door-knocking is to try your local area first. Being a neighbor creates an immediate connection with the person answering the door; after that, everything else is easy. But those who try it for the first time are usually surprised by the pleasant reception they receive.

The easiest way to do door-knocking is to try your local area first. Being a neighbor creates an immediate connection with the person answering the door; after that, everything else is easy.

上门探访最容易的方式是从你所在的社区开始。邻居关系能让你与开门人之间很快建立起关系,之后的事情就好办了。being a neighbor(邻居/邻居关系)是动名词短语作句子的主语。例如:Writing an English composition is not easy. 写好英文作文并不简单。answering the door是现在分词短语作定语,修饰the person,可以写为定语从句the person who answers the door。例如:Do you know the young man waiting outside the school gate? 你认识等在校门口的那个年轻人吗?

上门探访最容易的还是先从自己所在的社区开始。作为邻居能即刻与开门的人产生联结感,之后其他事情都好办了。

Find a good excuse to door-knock

◆找个上门探访的好理由

A short

survey

survey

/ˈsɜːrveɪ/

n.问卷调查,调查

about local concerns or a current project is a good excuse.

Figure out

Figure out

想出,弄懂,弄明白;解决

responses for various situations. What if the person who answers the door cannot speak English? What if a child answers the door?

做个关于社区关注问题或流行项目的简短调查是个好理由。要做好应对不同情况的准备:应门的人不会说英语怎么办?要是应门的是个孩子呢?

WHEN YOU GO OUT

当你出动时

When to go and what to do first

◆选好时机和要做的事

The best times to knock are usually Saturdays. On other days, after dinner is ideal. When someone answers the door, smile and introduce yourself; say you are a volunteer and, if it helps, state where you live. Give the name of your organization and, briefly, the reason for the visit.

最好的敲门时间通常是星期六。其他日子里,晚饭后的时间最理想。当有人应门时,微笑并且介绍自己,然后说明你是一个志愿者,如果有用的话,说出你所居住的地方,介绍你的组织名称,并且简要地说明来意。

◆ State what action the other person should take and the

benefits

benefit

benefit

◆说明他人需要采取的行动和可以获得的利益

Tell the person what they need to do and how their actions will benefit themselves and others. If a person

hesitates

hesitate

/ˈhezɪteɪt/

vi.犹豫,迟疑不决,踌躇

, emphasize benefits you've already mentioned and then, if necessary, add further benefits. If a person agrees, follow up immediately. If possible, get a

donation

donation

/doʊˈneɪʃn/

n.捐赠,捐献,捐助

, a

signature

signature

/ˈsɪɡnətʃər/

n.签名

, or a promise.

告诉他人他们需要做什么,他们的所作所为会给自己和别人带来什么好处。如果对方犹豫了,就再次强调你所提到的利益,必要时可以补充说明长远利益。如果对方同意了,就立即进行下一步。如果可能,就争取获得捐款、

签名或者承诺。

Record contact information on the spot

◆现场记下联系方式

Record names, addresses, e-mail addresses, phone numbers, and responses to questions on the spot. You won't remember them later!

Community Service

社区服务

Community service is a service or activity which is performed by someone or a group of people for the benefit of the public or public organizations.

社区服务是由个人或者群体为了社会或者社会组织的利益而进行的服务或者活动。

While volunteers may provide community service, not everyone taking part in a community service program is a volunteer, because not everyone is doing it through their own choice.

While volunteers may provide community service, not everyone taking part in a community service

program is a volunteer, because not everyone is doing it through their own choice.

虽然志愿者可以提供社区服务,但并不是每一个参与社区服务的人都是志愿者,因为不是每个人都是自愿选择参与服务的。连接词while在句中意思是“虽然,尽管”,与although, despite the fact that同 义。例 如:While I fully understand your point of view, I do also have some sympathy with Michael's. 尽管我完全能理解你的观点,但我在一定程度上也赞同迈克尔的看法。现在分词短语taking part in a community service program是后置定语,修饰前面的代词everyone。take part in 参加,参与。例如:All the children took part in the Thanksgiving play this year. 今年,所有的孩子都参加了感恩节的表演。

Sometimes people are asked to do it by:

虽然志愿者会提供社区服务,但并不是每一位参与社区服务的人都是志愿者,因为有些人并不是自愿的,他们会被以下机构要求做社区服务:

• their government, as part of a citizenship requirement instead of military service;

Sometimes people are asked to do it by their government, as part of a citizenship requirement instead of military service.

有时,要求人们从事社区服务来代替服兵役,履行公民的义务。instead of 取代,替代。例如:We just had a light / small meal instead of a heavy / large meal. 我们没有吃丰盛的大餐,只是简单地吃了一顿饭。

• ;代替服兵役,尽到公民的义务;

• the courts and other criminal justice punishments;

• 法庭;作为刑事处罚;

• their school, to meet the requirements of a class, or to meet the requirements of graduation, or, in

the case of parents, required to provide a certain number of hours of service in order for their child to be enrolled in a school or sports team.

Sometimes people are asked to do it by their school, to meet the requirements of a class, or to meet the requirements of graduation, or, in the case of parents, required to provide a certain number of hours of service in order for their child to be enrolled in a school or sports team.

有时,为满足课程学习需要或者达到毕业要求,学校会规定学生必须参加数小时的社区服务;有时,学校对家长也有同样的要求,这样他们的孩子才能被学校录取或者加入运动队。介词短语in the case of 表示“至于,......来说”。例如:Failure is no shame in the case of a scientist. 就科学家而言,失败并不是什么羞耻之事。过去分词短语required to provide ... service作定语,修饰前面的名词parents,过去分词作定语时表示被动,可改写为 who are required to provide a certain number of hours of service,说明父母应承担的责任和义务。in order for sb. to do sth. 为了某人能做某事。例如:Further information on tobacco prevention activities is needed in order for the community to get a clear picture. 为了让社区居民全面了解禁烟活动,还需提供更详细的资料。

• 学校;为了达到学业或者毕业要求,还有在为了让孩子能被学校或者运动队录取的情况下,家长也会被要求完成数小时的服务。

There are also people providing community service, but they receive some form of payment in return for their work.

还有些提供社区服务的人会得到某种形式的报酬。

Youth community service

青年社区服务

Community service performed by young people, also known as youth service, is intended to

strengthen young peoples' senses of civic engagement and community, and to help them achieve their educational, developmental and social goals.

Community service performed by young people, also known as youth service, is intended to strengthen young peoples' senses of civic engagement and community, and to help them achieve their educational, developmental and social goals.

由年轻人完成的社区服务,也就是青年服务,旨在增强年轻人的公民参与意识与社区参与感,同时也帮助他们实现接受教育、自我发展和参与社会活动等目标。过去分词短语performed by young people作定语,修饰community service。两个并列的不定式结构to strengthen young peoples' senses of civic engagement and community 和to help them achieve their educational, developmental and social goals作目的状语。be intended to do sth. 目的在于,旨在。例如:The course is intended for intermediate-level students to learn about social work. 这门课是为中等水平的学生了解社会工作而开设的。

由年轻人完成的社区服务,也就是青年服务,旨在增强年轻人的公民参与意识与社区参与感,同时也帮助他们实现接受教育、自我发展和参与社会活动等目标。

High school graduation

高中毕业

Many educational

institutions

institution

/ˌɪnstɪˈtuːʃn/

n.(大学、银行等)机构,团体

in the United States require students to perform community service hours to graduate from high school. In some high schools in Washington State, for example, students must complete 60 hours of community service to receive a

diploma

diploma

/dɪˈploʊmə/

n.(美国)高中毕业证书;学位证书;大学文凭

在美国,很多教育机构要求学生高中毕业前要达到一定的社区服务时数。比如,在华盛顿州的某些高中,学生在取得毕业证前必须完成60小时的社区服务。

Conditions of

participation

participation

/pɑːrˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃn/

n.参加,参与

参与条件

Contribution of service is a condition of

enrollment

enrollment

/ɪnˈroʊlmənt/

n.入学,注册

in some programs. Most commonly, parents may be required to serve for their child to be enrolled in a school or sports team.

奉献服务是有些项目的录取条件之一。通常,为了孩子能被某所学校或某个运动队录取,家长可能会被要求进行社区服务。

Colleges

高等院校

Though technically not a requirement, many colleges make community service an

unofficial

unofficial

/ˌʌnəˈfɪʃl/

adj.非官方的,非正式的

requirement for

acceptance

acceptance

/əkˈseptəns/

n.接受;接纳;同意

. However, some colleges prefer work experience over community service, and some require that their students also

participate

participate

/pɑːrˈtɪsɪpeɪt/

vi. 参与,参加

in community service in order to graduate.

However, some colleges prefer work experience over community service, and some require that their students also participate in community service in order to graduate.

然而,有的院校更看重学生的工作经验而不是社区服务,有的院校则要求学生参与社区服务才能毕业。prefer更喜欢,宁愿,为及物动词,后跟名词、动名词或不定式。例如:I prefer some apples. / I prefer having (to have) some apples.我更喜欢吃苹果。prefer A over B 喜欢A胜过喜欢B,prefer A to B 在A 和B 中更喜欢A,两者

意思相近。例如:I prefer red wine over white. 比起白葡萄酒,我更喜欢红葡萄酒。I prefer cooking at home to eating out.我愿意在家做饭,不愿出去吃。participate in 参加,参与。例如:She never participates in any of our discussions. 她从不参与我们的任何讨论。

虽然严格来说,社区服务不是所招学生的必备条件,但是很多院校将它视为非官方的录取要求。然而,有的院校更看重学生的工作经验而不是社区服务,有的院校则要求学生参与社区服务才能毕业。

查看翻译

Notable Quality Management Failures

著名质量管理失误案例

A Quality Management System (QMS) should clearly understand customer's requirements, and to provide good design, qualified production in an effective and efficient way.

一个质量管理体系应该以有效和高效的方式清楚地了解客户的需求,并提供设计优良和合格的产品。

When the quality management system fails to fulfil its function and customer requirements are not met, customers might be upset; management and employees both might be unhappy, but its negative influence is not so wide-spread. Unluckily, some quality management system failures do make headlines.

Unluckily, some quality management system failures do make headlines.

不幸的是,一些质 量管理系统的失败确实成了头条新闻。英语中,强调谓语动词时,可以用“助动词 do(does / did)+ 动词原形”的结构。例如:Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时,务必(千万) 要小心啊! To my great joy, the plant did look exactly like what we were looking for. 让我高兴 的是,这个绿植看起来确实正是我们想要的。make headlines 成为媒体的头版头条新闻,这里 headline 通常使用复数形式。

当某个质量管理体系不能实现其功能和未满足客户需求时,顾客可能会生气;管理层和员工都可能不满意,但其负面影响并没有那么广泛地传播。不幸的是,一些质量管理系统的失败确实成了头条新闻。

Here are three cases of famous quality management failures:

这里有三个著名的质量管理失败案例:

3 Mile Island

三哩岛核电厂

The worst nuclear disaster in US history broke out at the 3 Mile Island reactor

facility

facility

/fəˈsɪləti/

n. 建筑物,(尤指包含多个建筑物有特定用途的)场所

in eastern

Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania

/ˌpenslˈveɪnjə/

n. 宾夕法尼亚州 (美国州名)

in March 1979. Proper controls that should have been developed as part of routine safety procedures were not in place.

Proper controls that should have been developed as part of routine safety procedures were not in place.

本该开发的作为日常安全程序一部分的恰当的管控措施没有到位。本句中,that引导的定语从句修饰主语 proper controls,其中 should have been developed 为虚拟语气的被动 语态,“should have + 过去分词” 表示与过去事实相反的情况,预期发生但实际上并未发生。 例如: I should have locked the door before I left the classroom. 我应该在离开教室的时候锁上 门(实际情况是我并没有锁门)。

Then the situation was made worse by human error because of the lack of proper training. The only new nuclear power stations built since that day were the ones already under construction.

The only new nuclear power stations built since that day were the ones already under construction.

事故之后新建的核电站都是当时已经开工建设的核电站。过去分词短语 built since that day 作后置定语,修饰句子主语 nuclear power stations。又如:The books sold before November had a special discount. 11 月前销售的图书有特别优惠折扣。这句话中的过去分词结 构 sold before November 作后置定语修饰 The books。under construction 正在施工中。

1979年3月,美国历史上最严重的核灾难在宾夕法尼亚东部的三哩岛核电厂反应堆爆发。本该制定的作为部分

日常安全程序的正确管控措施没有到位。由于缺乏正确的培训,事故状况被人为的错误弄得更糟。事故之后新建的核电站都是当时已经开工建设的核电站。

Ford Pinto

福特平托

The Ford Pinto is the most well-known and the worst disaster in the whole US

automobile

automobile

/ˈɔːtəməbiːl/

n. 汽车

industry in the 1970s. Apparently the entire US auto industry decided to spend the 1970s resting on their

laurels

laurel

/ˈlɔːrəl/

n. 桂冠,殊荣;vt. 授予荣誉,使 戴桂冠

after building great cars that sold well during the sixties.

Apparently the entire US auto industry decided to spend the 1970s resting on their laurels after building great cars that sold well during the sixties.

很显然,在 20 世纪 60 年代制造 出质量过硬且销售良好的汽车后,70 年代美国整个汽车工业打定了主意吃老本。spend (time) doing sth. 花(时间)做某事,spend 后接动名词。例如:I spent the whole weekend reading a novel. 我花了整个周末的时间读了一本小说。rest on 依靠;停留在。介词 on 后面接名词。例如: After a long day, he fell asleep resting on the desk. 忙了一整天后,他倚在桌子上睡着了。

Not only were many cars built in the 1970s ugly and poorly designed, they also became very

unreliable

unreliable

/ˌʌnrɪˈlaɪəbl/

adj. 不可靠的,不能信 赖的

after 40- 50 thousand miles.

Not only were many cars built in the 1970s ugly and poorly designed, they also became very unreliable after 40-50 thousand miles.

20 世纪 70 年代制造的很多汽车不仅外观设计难看,性 能也较差,而且这些汽车在行驶了四五万英里后性能还会变得相当不稳定。not only ... (but) (also) ... 为固定句式,相当于中文的“不仅……而且……”,not only 放在句首接句子时要用 倒装结构,即把谓语提到主语的前面。根据不同句子的语义情况,but 与 also 在使用时可以分 别省略或同时省略,但不影响两个分句间递进语义关系的表达。例如:Not only did she forget my birthday, she also didn't even apologize for forgetting it. 她不仅忘记了我的生日,甚至也没 有道歉。

The Pinto tops the list of QMS failures because of its dangerous design

faults

fault

/fɔːlt/n. 过错;责任

feature

/ˈfiːtʃər/ n. 特色,特点

and the

questionable

questionable

/ˈkwestʃənəbl/

adj. 值得怀疑的; 不确定的

ethical

ethical

/ˈeθɪkl/

adj. 道德的,伦理的

decisions made by top management.

福特平托是1970年代整个美国汽车工业最出名和最严重的灾难。很显然,在六十年代制造出质量过硬且销售良好的汽车后,七十年代美国整个汽车工业打定了主意吃老本了。七十年代制造的很多汽车不仅外观设计难看,性能也较差,而且这些汽车在行驶了四、五万英里后性能还会变得相当不稳定。由于它危险的设计缺陷,以及最高管理层令人质疑的道德决策,平托事件名列质量管理体系失误案例的榜首。

iPhone 4

苹果4手机

Apple almost lost its

dominance

dominance

/ˈdɑːmɪnəns/

n. 优势;支配,控制

in the smart phone market when it became clear that it was difficult to make a call using the much expected iPhone 4.

Apple almost lost its dominance in the smart phone market when it became clear that it was difficult to make a call using the much expected iPhone 4.

当发现期待已久的 iPhone 4 打电 话那么困难时,苹果几乎失去了在智能手机市场的主导地位。在时间状语从句 when it became clear ... 中,it 为形式主语,真正的主语为后面 that 引导的从句。而在这个 that 引导的从句中, it was difficult to make a call ... 中的 it 也是形式主语,真正的主语是后面的动词不定式结构 to make a call ...。用 it 作主语是为了避免主语过长造成头重脚轻,因此将主语放在句末。例如: It is too late to catch up the train. 太晚了,赶不上火车了。

Calls were dropped suddenly and frequently causing wide spread dissatisfaction among loyal customers who had upgraded to the new model early on.

Calls were dropped suddenly and frequently causing wide spread dissatisfaction among loyal customers who had upgraded to the new model early on.

通话会频繁地突然断掉,这引起了刚刚升级到新款手机的忠实客户们的广泛不满。这个句子较长,关键在于理解中间部分 causing wide spread dissatisfaction among loyal customers ...,该部分是现在分词短语作结果状语,指前面提到的 Calls were dropped suddenly and frequently 造成的结果。who had upgraded to the new model early on 是修饰限定 loyal customers 的定语从句,upgrade to ... 提升到……, 升级到……。例如:This tutorial will explain how to upgrade to a newer version of the program. 本次讲座将解释如何将程序升级到更新的版本。

Independent tests showed that touching the left side of the case at a certain spot interrupted the

signal and dropped the call — not a great feature for a handheld device mainly used to make calls.

… not a great feature for a handheld device mainly used to make calls. ……

对于一个主要用 于打电话的手持设备来说并不是一个优点。句子开头省略了 It is,it 指上文提到的 touching the left side of the case at a certain spot interrupted the signal and dropped the call,即“触碰手机左 侧某个位置会妨碍信号,导致通话意外中断”。过去分词短语 mainly used to make calls 作为 后置定语修饰 a handheld device。

Meanwhile Apple continued to deny or minimize the problem. As the problem continued to make news headlines, Apple eventually agreed to a “voluntary” recall to correct the problem.

As the problem continued to make news headlines, Apple eventually agreed to a “voluntary” recall to correct the problem.

由于这个问题连续成为新闻头条,苹果公司终于同意“自 愿”召回并维修问题手机。as 在这里是用作连接原因状语从句的连词,它与同样表示原因的 because 相比语气更弱。as 表示从句中的原因显而易见,或者理由不是很重要,常译为“由于, 鉴于”。

当发现使用期待已久的iPhone 4打电话是那么困难时,苹果几乎失去了在智能手机市场的主导地位。通话会频繁地突然断掉,造成了刚刚升级到新款手机的忠实客户们的广泛不满情绪。检测显示触碰话机左侧一个特定的点会中断电话信号并挂断电话——对于一个主要用于打电话的手持设备来说并不是一个优点。与此同时苹果公司不断否认或者淡化这个问题。由于这个问题连续成为新闻头条,苹果公司终于同意“自愿”召回并维修问题手机。

All of the above famous quality management failures could probably have been prevented if the principles of a fully functioning quality management system had been in place.

All of the above famous quality management failures could probably have been prevented if the

principles of a fully functioning quality management system had been in place.

如果一 套功能完备的质量管理体系的各项准则都落实到位,那么,上述这些众所周知的质量管理事故 可能就不会发生。could probably have been prevented 是虚拟语气的被动语态形式,表示这些 质量管理事故在过去有被阻止的可能性,但并未真正被阻止,后面的 if 从句也表示,这些质 量管理体系的准则并没有落实到位。在 if 引导的条件从句中,谓语动词使用了过去完成式 had been,说明是假设过去的事情,与过去事实不符。例如:I could have finished my homework if I had not been ill last weekend. 如果上周末我没有生病,我就会完成作业了。

The History of Quality Control

质量控制的历史

Quality control is a series of activities that ensure and improve the quality of products and services.

质量控制是一系列确保和提高产品质量及服务的行为。

The term “quality control” came into common use in the 1950s because of W. Edward Deming. His “Fourteen Points” have become the bible for quality control specialists.

His “Fourteen Points” have become the bible for quality control specialists.

他的“十四要点” 已经成为质量控制专业人士的宝典。这里使用现在完成时态表示戴明的思想对今天的质量控制 依然有着深远的影响力。bible 本义是“圣经”,可以引申为“经典,理论根基”,此处用来 比喻“十四要点”在质量控制领域的重要意义。

When the post-war world returned to regular

manufacturing

manufacturing

/ˌmænjuˈfæktʃərɪŋ/

n. 制造业 (大批量生产商品的行业)

, Deming said that inspecting product quality after they were made was

unacceptable

unacceptable

/ˌʌnəkˈseptəbl/

adj. 不能接受(或 同意、允许)的

.

When the post-war world returned to regular manufacturing, Deming said that inspecting product quality after they were made was unacceptable.

当战后世界恢复正常生产时,戴明 提出,在制造完成后再检查产品质量是不可接受的。此句 Deming said 后为间接引语(indirectspeech),用连词 that 引出被转述的某人的话或想法,在非正式的语境中 that 也可省略。例如: John said he had found out what was wrong with the computer. 约翰说,他弄清楚了计算机的问 题所在。

Instead, he proposed a process known as “

statistical

statistical

/stəˈtɪstɪkl/

adj. 数据的,统计的

quality control”. It would use closely monitored performance measures to control quality while a product was being made. The goal of statistical quality control was to gather data that would allow for the constant improvement of manufacturing processes. This would in turn improve quality control.

由于威廉·爱德华兹·戴明,“质量控制”这个术语在1950年始广泛使用。他的“十四要点”已经成为了质量控制专业人士的宝典。当战后世界恢复正常生产时,戴明提出在制造完成后再检查产品质量是不可接受的。相反,他提出了被称为“统计质量管理”的一个流程。它会在产品生产过程中严密监控绩效指标从而控制质量。统计质量控制的目标在于收集数据以利于不断地改进制造工艺。这将反过来提高质量控制。

Another important principle of Deming's beliefs was that upper management should be responsible for quality failures. He strongly believed that it was possible for the workers to work hard to produce the highest quality products if they were given the right tools and working environment. In Deming's own words, “ the basic cause of sickness in American industry and the resulting unemployment is a failure of top management to manage.” He believed that strong leadership led to a motivated work force.

另一个戴明理论中的重要原则是高层管理应该对质量失误负责。他深信工人们如果拥有恰当的工具和工作环境,他们能够努力工作制造出高质量的产品。用戴明的原话来说就是“导致美国工业弊病以及由此带来的失业的首要原因是顶层管理的失败”。他坚信强有力的领导会形成有活力的工作团队。

If strong leadership is the term for managers in a quality environment, then

empowerment

empowerment

/ɪmˈpaʊərmənt/

n. 给(某人) 做……的权力,授权,使自主

is the key concept for workers in Deming's system. Improved education and training are key factors in reaching employees and making them believe that their increased participation in the work process is an

essential

essential

/ɪˈsenʃl/

adj. 必要的,必不可少的

part of improving quality.

Improved education and training are key factors in reaching employees and making them believe that their increased participation in the work process is an essential part of improving quality.

不断升级的教育与培训是凝聚员工的关键因素,可以使员工们坚信,自己 的积极参与是提高产品质量的重要环节。reaching 在本句中的意义较为抽象,可以引申理解为 “团结,打成一片,形成凝聚力”。

Involvement

involvement

/ɪnˈvɑːlvmənt/

n. 参与

participation, and teamwork are seen as absolute “must haves” if a quality workplace is to be created.

如果在质量语境中强有力的领导是对经理们来说重要的字眼,那么在戴明的体系中赋权就是对员工来说最核心的概念。不断升级的教育与培训是凝聚员工的关键因素,可以使使员工们坚信自己的积极参与是提高产品质量的重要环节。如果要创造高质量的工作环境,员工介入、员工参与、以及团队合作是绝对的“必要条件”。

The Japanese were the first to use Deming's Fourteen Points, and made great success. As an example, one Japanese factory doubled production in just one year and was expecting to gain an additional 25 percent improvement the following year, with no increase in the amount of working hours. All this happened as a result of simply improving quality. It was in the late 1970s that American manufacturing factories realized that quality control was a significant issue. By that time, Japanese firms such as Honda and Sony were taking over large

portions

portion

/ˈpɔːrʃn/

n. 部分

of the American consumer market while it took most American firms until the 1990s to put quality control practices in place.

Ebola Surge

Ebola Surge

埃博拉疫情

— 2014

埃博拉袭来——2014

The 2014 Ebola

outbreak

outbreak

/ˈaʊtbreɪk/

n.(尤指疾病、危险或不 快之事的)暴发,突然发生

is the largest in history and the first Ebola outbreak in West Africa. Although the current

epidemic

epidemic

/ˌepɪˈdemɪk/

n. 传染病;(疾病的) 流行,传染

does not cause a significant risk to other nations, many countries, including China and the United

States of America, have actually been working closely with the Ebola hit states.

Although the current epidemic does not cause a significant risk to other nations, many countries, including China and the United States of America, have actually been working closely with the Ebola hit states.

尽管目前疫情仍未给其他国家带来很大的风险,但是,包括中国和美国在内的许多国家,已与遭受埃博拉病毒袭击的国家切实开展了密切合作。此长句为 Although 引导的让步状语从句,主句为 many countries have actually been working closely with the Ebola hit states。在主句中,hit 为过去分词,与 Ebola 一起修饰 states。主句使用现在完成进行时 have been working closely with ... 表示“一直都在密切合作着”,短语 work closely with ... 意 为“ 与 …… 密 切 合 作”。 例 如:The Open University,UK will continue to work closely with China to facilitate the University's long-term development. 英国开放大学和中国将 继续保持紧密联系,携手促进大学的长远发展。从句中的短语 cause a significant risk to ... 意为 “对……造成重大风险”。例如:Overwork and less sleep cause a significant risk to our health. 过度劳作和缺少睡眠对健康构成极大的威胁。

For example,

the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

美国疾病预防控制中心

is taking precautions at home besides its activities abroad.

For example, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is taking precautions at home besides its activities abroad.

例如,美国疾病预防控制中心不仅在国外采取行动,在国内也是如此。这个中心是个统称概念,内有很多不同类别的分中心,所以在机构名称里用了复数。但是,对于一个机构而言,整个名称为单位概念,所以谓语动词用的是单数形式 is。take precautions 采取预防措施。例如:You must take all reasonable precautions to protect yourself and your family. 你必须采取合理的预防措施来保护自己和家人。at home 在国 内。例如:Alibaba at home and abroad has become a mature brand, and its real prices are rapidly rising. 阿里巴巴在国内和国外已经成为一个成熟的品牌,它的价值正在迅速提升。besides its activities abroad 中的 its 指的是 CDC。

2014年埃博拉疫情的爆发是历史上规模最大的一次,也是埃博拉在西非的第一次爆发。尽管目前疫情仍未对其他国家带来很大的风险,但是包括中国和美国在内的许多国家,已与遭受埃博拉病毒袭击的国家切实开展了密切合作。例如,美国疾病预防控制中心(以下简称“疾控中心”)不仅在国外采取行动,在国内也是如此。

CDC's team of “

virus

virus

/ˈvaɪrəs/

n. 病毒

hunters” is supported by

specialized

specialized

/ˈspeʃəlaɪzd/

adj. 专门的

public health

public health

公共卫生

teams both in West Africa and at the CDC

Atlanta

Atlanta

/ətˈlæntə/

n. 亚特兰大(美国城市)

headquarters. Together, they offer

continuous

continuous

/kənˈtɪnjuəs/

adj. 不断的,连续的

support to save lives and protect people. CDC works closely with a number of US government

agencies, national and international partners. CDC's experience of working with Ebola is important to the World Health Organization's growing West Africa Ebola

response

response

反应,回应

.

CDC's experience of working with Ebola is important to the World Health Organization's growing West Africa Ebola response.

美国疾病预防控制中心应对埃博拉的经验,对世界卫生组织在西非地区越发努力地抗击埃博拉疫情而言至关重要。work with 应对,处理。现在分词 growing 修饰句末的名词 response。

疾控中心的“病毒猎人”小组受到了在西非和疾控中心亚特兰大总部的专业公共健康团队的支持。他们一起为挽救生命与保护民众提供持续不断的援助。疾控中心与许多美国机构与国内外伙伴密切合作。美国疾病预防控制中心应对埃博拉的经验对世界卫生组织在西非地区日益展开的抗击埃博拉疫情而言至关重要。

On Sept. 2, 2014, CDC Director, Tom Frieden

called for

called for

号召,呼吁;要求

more international partners to join this effort. “The sooner the world comes together to help West Africa, the safer we all will be. We know how to stop this outbreak. There is a window of opportunity to do so — the challenge is to

scale up

scale up

增加,增大

the

massive

massive

/ˈmæsɪv/

adj. 大规模的

response needed to stop this outbreak.”

There is a window of opportunity to do so — the challenge is to scale up the massive response needed to stop this outbreak.

这样做已经打开了一扇机遇之窗,而挑战在于大幅扩大应急响应规模以阻止疫情。scale up 增加,增大。例如:My company is scaling up its operations in the Middle East. 我公司正在扩大中东的业务。needed to stop this outbreak 为定语,修饰 the massive response,可改为定语从句 the massive response which is needed to stop this outbreak。

2014年9月2日,疾控中心主任汤姆.弗利登倡议更多国际伙伴加入这次行动。“世界越早团结一致帮助西非,我们就越安全。我们知道如何阻止这次爆发。现在已经打开了这样做的机遇之窗,而挑战在于大幅扩大应急响应规模以阻止疫情。”

CDC's response to Ebola is the largest international outbreak response in CDC's history with over 100 disease specialists on the ground in West Africa, supported by hundreds of public health emergency response experts

stateside

stateside

/ˈsteɪtsaɪd/

adj. & adv. 美国的(地), 在美国本土的(地)

,activated at Level 1, its highest level,

CDC's response to Ebola is the largest international outbreak response in CDC's history with over 100 disease specialists on the ground in West Africa, supported by hundreds of public health emergency response experts stateside, activated at Level 1, its highest level ...

美国疾病预防控制中心对埃博拉疫情的应对是其历史上规模最大的国际疫情暴发响应,超过 100 名疾病专家在西非进行实地工作,数百名突发公共卫生事件应对专家在美国本土后援支持, 应急响应为一级,是最高级别…… on the ground 意为“实地”。

because of the significance of this outbreak.

美国疾病预防控制中心对埃博拉疫情采取的应对是其历史上规模最大的国际疫情爆发响应,超过100名疾病专

家在西非进行实地工作,数百名突发公共卫生事件应对专家在美国本土后援支持。因为疫情爆发的影响力,应急响应为最高级别——一级。

The CDC supports affected countries to establish Emergency Operations Centers at national and local levels and helps countries

track

track

/træk/

vt. 追踪,跟踪,监控

the epidemic including using

real-time

real-time

/ˌrɪəlˈtaɪm/

adj. 即时处理的,实时的

data to improve real-time response.

The CDC supports affected countries to establish Emergency Operations Centers at national and local levels and helps countries track the epidemic including using real-time data to improve real-time response.

疾病预防控制中心支持疫情蔓延的国家建立国家级与地方 级的紧急行动中心,运用实时数据以提高这些国家的实时应急能力,帮助这些国家监控疫情。 affected 受影响的,被感染的。track 跟踪,追踪,监控。例如:Students' online performance needs to be tracked for assessment. 需要监控学生的在线学习行为,以作测评之用。

疾病预防控制中心支持疫情蔓延的国家建立国家级与地方级的紧急行动中心,运用实时数据以提高实时应急能力,帮助这些国家监控疫情。

Efforts in West Africa to

identify

identify

/aɪˈdentɪfaɪ/

vt. 认出,识别,确定,发现

those

infected

infected

/ɪnˈfektɪd/

adj. 受感染的

and track people who have come into contact with them are improving.

Efforts in West Africa to identify those infected and track people who have come into contact with them are improving.

西非在确认感染人群和追踪与他们有过接触的人群方面的 努力正在加强。句中 efforts ... with them 为主语部分,are improving 为谓语部分;who have come into contact with them 为定语从句,修饰 people;定语从句中的 them 指 those infected; 动词短语 come into contact with sb. 表示“接触,联系”。例如:Have you come into contact with (= touched or been very near) anyone with the disease? 你接触过患这种病的人吗?

The CDC is operating and supporting labs in the region to improve

diagnosis

diagnosis

/ˌdaɪəɡˈnoʊsɪs/

n.(复数 diagnoses /ˌdaɪəɡˈnoʊsiːz/ )诊断

and testing samples from people with

suspected

suspected

/səˈspektɪd/

adj. 有嫌疑的,被怀 疑的

Ebola from around the world.

The CDC is operating and supporting labs in the region to improve diagnosis and testing samples from people with suspected Ebola from around the world.

美国疾病预防控制中心在 这些地区运行并支持实验室,以加强诊断能力,检测全球携带疑似埃博拉病毒的人群的样本。 主语 the CDC 后接并列的动作“operating and supporting”与“testing”,testing 前省略了系 动词 is。

西非在确认感染人群和追踪与他们有过接触人群方面的努力成果正在彰显。美国疾病预防控制中心在这些地区运行并支持实验室加强诊断能力,检测全球携带疑似埃博拉病毒人群样本。

Local health care systems are strengthened through communication,

coordination

coordination

/koʊˌɔːrdɪˈneɪʃn/

n. 协调,调节

with partners and training on

infection

infection

/ɪnˈfekʃn/

n.(由细菌或病毒造成的身 体部位的)感染

control for health care workers and safe

patient

patient

/ˈpeɪʃnt/

n. 病人

treatment.

How to Prepare an Emergency Response Plan for Your

Workplace

workplace

/ˈwɜːrkpleɪs/

n. 工作场所

如何在您的工作场所准备应急预案

Emergencies and disasters can occur any time without warning. The more you are prepared for them, the better you will be able to act, reducing

panic

panic

/ˈpænɪk/

n. 恐慌,惊慌

and

confusion

confusion

/kənˈfjuːʒn/

n. 混乱; 困惑,迷惑不解

when an emergency occurs.

Emergencies and disasters can occur any time without warning. The more you are prepared for them, the better you will be able to act, reducing panic and confusion when an emergency occurs.

紧急事件与灾难随时会在没有预警的情况下发生。准备越充分,应对就越自如,事件突发时的恐慌与混乱也会随之减少。The more ..., the better ... 为比较级结构的一种 固定用法,结构为“the + 形容词(副词)比较级,the + 形容词(副词)比较级”,表示“越……, 越……”。例如:The more you practice, the better your English will be. 你练习得越多,你的英 语会越好。be prepared for ... 有准备的,准备好的。例如:They were prepared for the worst. 他 们已经做好了最坏的准备。

1.指定应急计划的必要性

紧急事件与灾难随时会在没有预警的情况下发生。准备越充分,应对就越自如,事件突发时的恐慌与混乱也会随之减少。

Emergency response plans (ERPs) are intended to provide

clear

clear

/klɪr/

adj. 畅通的

and effective steps for managing an emergency.

Emergency response plans (ERPs) are intended to provide clear and effective steps for managing an emergency.

应急响应计划将为突发事件的处理提供清晰有效的应对步骤。be intended to ... 打算,意图是……。例如:Emergency drills twice a year are intended to ensure that the general public know what to do in an emergency. 一年举行两次应急演练以确保大众知 道如何应急。provide ... for ... 为……提供……。例如:He didn't provide for them in his will (= did not leave them any money). 他在遗嘱里没有给他们留下钱。

An ERP should deal with

a variety of

a variety of

各种各样的

issues including evacuation of buildings, communication with local emergency services and the general public, individual roles and responsibilities during an emergency, and supplies and materials that may be needed.

An ERP should deal with a variety of issues including evacuation of buildings, communication with local emergency services and the general public, individual roles and responsibilities during an emergency, and supplies and materials that may be needed.

一套 完善的应急反应计划应该能够应对各种各样的情况,包括楼房中人群的疏散,与本地应急服务 机构和大众的沟通,紧急情况中个人的角色和责任,以及应急所需的补给与物资等。deal with sth. 涉及,处理,应对。例如:This book deals with earthquake and volcano. 这是一本关于地震 和火山的书。a variety of 各种各样的。例如:She does a variety of fitness activities. 她参加各 种各样的健身活动。

应急响应预案将为突发事件的处理提供清晰有效的应对步骤。一套完善的应急预案应该能够应对各种各样情况,包括楼房疏散,与本地应急服务机构和大众的沟通,紧急情况中个人的角色和责任,以及应急所需补给与物资等。

Follow these basic guidelines to develop an effective ERP for your workplace:

在为您的工作场所制定有效的应急预案时,请遵照以下的基本指导原则:

•Determine when an evacuation would be necessary.

•决定何时进行必要的人群疏散。

•Choose

primary

primary

/ˈpraɪmeri/

adj. 主要的;首要的

and secondary evacuation routes and emergency exits. Make sure they are clearly marked and well lit.

Post

post

/poʊst/

vt. 张贴,公布;邮寄,寄;派驻 n. 信件,邮件

signs.

2.指定应急撤退线路,并进行明确表示。

•选择首选和备用的疏散路线与紧急出口。保证它们指示清晰,照明良好。贴上

•Install

emergency lighting

emergency lighting

应急灯

in case a

power cut

power cut

停电

occurs during an evacuation.

•安装应急照明系统以防在疏散过程中出现断电情况。

•Ensure that evacuation routes and

emergency exits

emergency exits

紧急出口

are wide enough for people to be evacuated, clear at all times, and unlikely to

expose

expose

/ɪkˈspoʊz/

vt. 使面临,使遭受(威胁或 不快);暴露,露出;曝光

evacuating people to additional hazards.

Ensure that evacuation routes and emergency exits are wide enough for people to be evacuated, clear at all times, and unlikely to expose evacuating people to additional hazards.

确保疏散路线和紧急出口足够宽敞,并随时保持通畅,以避免将疏散人群置于其他危险的境况。 be + adj. + enough for sb. to do sth. 足够、足以让某人做某事。 例如:The wall is short enough for him to climb. 对他来说,这道墙低得足以爬上去。at all times 一直,总是。例如:When you're at the airport, you should make sure you have your luggage with you at all times. 在机场, 要把行李一直放在你身边。

3.保持应急通道宽敞、畅通,避免次生灾害。

•确保疏散路线和紧急出口足够宽敞并随时保持通畅,避免将疏散人群置于其他危险境况。

•Coordinate your plan with the local emergency management office.

•与当地应急管理部门一起协调你们的预案。

• Choose “evacuation

wardens

warden

/ˈwɔːrdn/

n. 管理员,监管人

” who will help others during an evacuation and

account for

account for

对……负有责任;解释,说明;(比 例)占……;能够说明事件或灾难后人、财物的 具体情况

employees.

•挑选“疏散监管人员”,在紧急疏散中帮助他人并对员工的安全负责。

• Establish

specific

specific

/spəˈsɪfɪk/

adj. 特定的,特有的

evacuation procedures. This includes a sample ERP to give you a better idea of what your procedures should include.

4.指定具体应急步骤

•颁布具体的疏散程序,这里有一个应急预案样本能给你更清晰的思路,让你知道应该有哪些步骤。

•Establish a system for accounting for evacuated employees.

Establish a system for accounting for evacuated employees.

建立一套确保员工安全疏散的体 系。account for 还有另外一个含义,表示“能够说明事件或灾难后人、财物的具体情况”。例如: All passengers have now been accounted for. 现在已经掌握了所有乘客的情况。

•建立一套确保员工疏散安全的体系。

• Hold emergency

drills

drill

/drɪl/

n. 训练,演习

Hold emergency drills at least once a year to ensure that employees know what to do in an emergency and to test the effectiveness of emergency exit routes and procedures.

一年至少举 行一次应急演练,以确保员工们清楚在紧急情况下要如何行动,同时检验应急出口通道以及相关程序的有效性。

Keep records of such drills.

5.进行应急预演

•一年至少举行一次应急演练,以确保员工们清楚在紧急情况下要如何行动,同时检验应急出口通道以及相关程序的有效性。

•Consider the transportation needs of employees.

•考虑员工的交通需求。

•Post evacuation procedures where employees can read them.

•在员工可以阅读的地方粘贴疏散程序。

• Establish procedures for helping people with

disabilities

disability

/ˌdɪsəˈbɪləti/

n. 残疾,残障

and people who do not speak your local language.

•制定帮助残疾人与不使用当地语言的员工的相关程序。

• Consider how you could quickly get important personal information about employees in an emergency (for example, contact numbers for their home,

next-of-kin

next-of-kin

n. 直系亲属

, or special medical conditions).

第一单元将来进行时

You will probably be meeting him at lunch. 也许午饭时间你会见到他。

•本句使用的是将来进行时,其基本结构为“shall/will + be + 动词现在分”。将来进行时主要表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作,或要在将来某一时间开始并持续下去的动作,其谓语动词一般为延续性动词。本句是将来进行时的一种特殊用法,用来表示礼貌地询问、请求或期待等。这时,它常与表示将来某时的时间状语soon,this evening,on Sunday,by this time,tomorrow,in two days,tomorrow evening等一起使用。将来进行时表示一种客观的制约、约束,而不是主观意愿。例如:

After you take the medicine, you will be feeling much better.

Stop the child or he will be falling over.

第二单元否定前缀

英语中有许多表示否定的前缀,它们可以改变词语原来的含义,形成否定的意思。常见的否定前缀有:dis-, im-, in-, ir-, un- 和il-等。

(1)dis-常加在名词、形容词、动词之前。例如:agreement (同意,一致) —disagreement (分歧,不一致)

(2)im-常加在以字母m-, p-开头的形容词之前。例如:polite (有礼貌的,客气的) —impolite (无礼的,粗鲁的)

(3)ir-常加在以r-开头的形容词前。例如:regular(规则的)—irregular(不规则的,不规律的)

(4)in-常加在名词、形容词之前。例如:ability(能力)—inability(,无力)

(5)un-常加在名词、形容词、副词之前。例如:necessary (必要的) —unnecessary (不必要的)

(6)il- 常加在形容词前。例如:legal(合法的)—illegal(非法的)

第三单元条件句的用法

No one will get stuck with more work if we find a replacement quickly!

如果我们尽快找到接替的人,大家就不至于干那么多额外的工作。

这是一个真实条件句,表示提出的假设是有可能发生的。在英语中,条件句有真实条件句和非真实(虚拟)条件句两种。非真实条件句通常表示一种假想,它与事实相反或不大可能会发生。例如:

If I have time, I will go with them.(真实条件句)

If I were you, I would go with them. (与现在事实不符的虚拟条件句)

注意比较表示与现在事实不符、与过去事实不符和与将来事实不符的三种虚拟条件句的形式和含义。

第四单元祈使句

• 用于表示命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫作祈使句。 祈使句的主语通常用 第二人称或省略,时态通常为一般现在时。例如:

Please think of the cost.

Let’s talk about your plan.

Do be careful!

Let’s have another try.

第五单元

选择疑问句

Do you go to work by bus or by subway?

你是坐地铁上班还是坐公交车上班?

•英语中的选择疑问句结构很清晰,就是在一般疑问句末尾加上“or + 选择部分”,问号放在句末。选择疑问句不能用yes / no来回答,而必须选择选项进行回答。例如:

—Which do you prefer, bus or subway?

—I'd like to take the subway.

—Would you like to live in the urban area or the rural area?

—I'd prefer the rural area.

第六单元倒装

Not only does the offending company suffer losses, but the whole milk market suffers a sharp drop in sales. 不仅违法的公司遭受损失,整个奶业市场的销售也损失惨重。

• 含有not only 或only等词语的句子,形式上往往采用部分倒装结构,将not only部分或“only+介词短语”

部分置于句首。例如:

Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to losing our lives.

Only after a year did I begin to see the results of my work.

• 倒装是一种修辞手段,一般用来强调某一句子成分。倒装有两种,一种是上面介绍的部分倒装,另一种是完全倒装。例如:

Not until yesterday did little John change his mind. (部分倒装)

There comes the bus! (完全倒装)

第七单元状语从句

... you could help with their shopping or getting about town if they have difficulty getting around themselves. 如果他们行动不便的话,你可以帮他们购物或开车带他们到处看看。

• 状语从句指句子用作状语。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。例如:

I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.

The concert was a greater success than (it was) expected.

第八单元被动语态

The situation was made worse by human error because of the lack of proper training. 由于缺乏 恰当的培训,事故状况被人为的错误弄得更糟。

• 被动语态句指谓语动词表示的动作与主语之间是被动关系的句子。被动语态的结构为: be(根据人称及句子时态而变化) + 动词过去分词。

• 当需要提及发出动作的人或物时,使用 by 连接。例如:

The tiger was killed by the giant. • 使用被动语态时,也可以不提及动作的发出者。例如:

It would use closely monitored performance measures to control quality while a product was being made.

感叹句

Oh my God! The house is on fire from the outside! 哦,天哪,房子从外面着火啦!

The flames are pretty big! 火势很大!

• 感叹句指表示喜怒哀乐、提醒、恐吓等强烈情感的句子。顾名思义,感叹句用来表达感叹、 惊讶等情绪。除了一个单词、短语或词组可以成为感叹句外,感叹句的主要表现形式有两种, 即 what 和 how 引导的感叹句。例如:

What a beautiful building it is!

How hard the workers are working!

样题1

国家开放大学外语教学部 熊英 (发布时间:2017-06-23)

第一部分交际用语 (10分)

1-5题:根据对话内容选择恰当的选项。(每题2分,共10分)

1. --- Haven’t seen you for ages, Mike. _________

--- Pretty good. Everything goes well.

A. What are you doing? B. How are you? C. How is it going?

答案: C

解析: 本题考查“询问”情景的交际用语。What are you doing意为“你在做什么?”;How are you意为“你好吗?”;How is it going意为“情况如何”。根据答语,相当不错,诸事顺利,可知问话应是:迈克几年不见了,情况如何? 所以答案选C。

2. — ______ will it take me to walk there?

— About ten minutes.

A.How far

B.How long

C.How much

答案:B

解析:本题考查“指路问路”的交际用语。根据答复里的信息“About ten minutes.”,我们得知应当是就时间长短发出询问。How far是对距离有多远的提问;How much是对数量有多少的提问;选项B则是对时间长短的提问,所以答案是B。

3. --- why not dine out together and go to the movies?

--- ________________________________________

A. You deserve that.

B. Sounds like a good idea.

C. Thank you.

答案:B

解析:本题是考查“接受邀请”的交际用语。对于提出的邀请,应该表示感谢,并根据情况

做出进一步说明,所以答案是B。

4. ---A: I can put you down for eleven o’clock. Is that OK?

---B:

A. Oh, I’ll be having an interview that time. How about 3 o’clock in the afternoon?

B. Friday is good.

C. Yes, we could.

答案:A

解析:本题考查“商议具体见面时间”的交际用语。第一说话人询问I can put you down for eleven o’clock,

安排到11点,这个时间行不行? 答语应给予明确的回答,同不同意约11点这个时间,如不同意的话给出建议的另一时间, 所以答案是A。

5. --- Marry, ?

---While, what do you want me to do?

A. can I help you?

B. where are you?

C. will you do me a favor

答案:C

解析:本题考查“寻求帮助”的交际用语。从第二说话人回答“想要我做点什么”,能听出来第一说话人在请求帮助,因此答案是C。

第二部分词汇与语法(30分)

6-20题:阅读下面的句子,从A、B、C三个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的最佳选项。(每题2分,共30分)

6. The _____ are eating ___ ___ at the foot of the mountain.

A. sheep, grass B. sheeps, grasses C. sheeps, grass

答案:A

解析:此题考查可数名词和不可数名词复数形式的用法。可数名词sheep变复数仍是sheep谓语动词are eating

说明此处用复数可数名词,不可数名词grass,其形态有单数。因此,正确答案为A。译文:羊群正在山脚下吃草。

7.But the Bridge was first _____ to the public, almost one year later, after a series of tests and

Evaluations.

A. open B. lead C. use

答案:A

解析:本题考查短语be open to的用法。短语be open to为固定搭配,意为:对……开放。根据题意,所以正确答案选A。译文:经过一系列的测试和评估,大约一年后,这座桥才第一次对公众开放。

8. —Which city has _________population, Beijing, Guiyang or Nanchang?

—Beijing, of course.

A. the largest B. the smallest C. the most

答案:A

解析:本题考查形容词的最高级和对人口的修饰词。修饰人口数量的形容词可以用large

或者small,而more或less 常用来修饰water,这是习惯用法。北京的人口肯定比

贵阳、南昌的多,因此选择A。译文:哪个城市的人口最多?北京、贵阳还是南昌?

9. The bridge ______ two years ago.

A. built B. was built C. is built

答案:B

解析:此题考查被动语态的用法。桥是被建造的,而two years ago表示过去,因此用一般过去时被动语态。所以正确答案是B。译文:这座桥是两年前建好的。

10. We are all for your suggestion that the trip ________.

A. is to put off B .was put off C. be put off

答案:C

解析:本题考核虚拟语气的用法。主句有表示“建议”等含义的词,名词性从句用虚拟语气should 加动词原形,其中should可省略。本句中的主语the trip 和谓语动词put off 是受动关系,应该用被动语态,所以答案是C。译文:我们都赞成你把旅程推迟的建议。

11. I’m a business trip for APEC summit, sir.

A. on B. for C. in

答案:A

解析:本题考核动词词组搭配, be on a business trip 出差, 只有搭配介词on, 所以答案是A。译文:我是来出差开亚太经合组织会议的,长官。

12. ________ is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.

A. As B. That C. Who

答案:A

解析:本题考核非性定语从句,在此从句中指代事物只能用which或as,不能用that(不

能引导非性定语从句);放在句首时,非限定执行定语从句只能用as,不用which。所以答案是A。译文:全世界都知道马克吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。

13. You can ask these experts __________advice in job hunting?

A. on B. over C. for

答案:C

解析:本题考查介词辨析。空格后的advice表明了ask these experts(请求这些专家) 的目的,故填入C项介词for“为了”。ask for advice是习惯搭配,意为“征询意见”。A项on、B项over都不符合该用法要求。译文:你可以向这些专家寻求关于求职方面的建议。

14. He __________ a book when the telephone rang.

A. read B. was reading C. reads

答案:B

解析:本题考查时态。根据rang可知从句用的是一般过去时态,所以主句应该用过去进行时。因此正确答案应是B。译文:电话铃响时他正在读书。

15. You can go to Mobile Joker Store, ______ is the nearest mobile phone store from here.

A .which B. where C. who

答案:A

解析:三个选项均可用作定语从句中的关系代词,which 指物,where指地点,who指人。此句当中的先行词Mobile Joker Store明显是物,所以正确答案是A。译文:你可以去Mobile Joker商店,它是离这最近的手机店铺。

16. You will soon______ the world outside the smartphone is much more enjoyable.

A. release B. realize C. return

答案:B

解析:此题主要是考查词语意思的区别。A项release意为:释放;C项return意为:返

回;B项realize意为:意识到,所以正确答案是B。译文:很快你就会意识到智能手机以外的世界会更加有趣。

17. They also have a camera ______allows you to take and share photos and video.

A. when B. which C. where

答案:B

解析:三个选项均可用作定语从句中的关系代词,which 指物,where指地点,when指时间。此句当中的先行词camera明显是物,所以正确答案是B。译文:他们还配置有摄像头,可以让您拍摄和分享照片及视频。

18. ______the weather improves, we will suffer a huge loss in the tourist industry.

A.As B. While C. Unless

答案:C

解析:本题考查对句意及连词用法的掌握。as意为“当……时”,当as做连词表示一个因果关系时,前面应有逗号,如:She won't be coming,as we didn't invite her(她不会来这里,因为我们没有邀请她);while意为“当……的时候,虽然”,unless意为“如果不,除非”。译文:除非天气好转,不然我们在旅游业上将会遭受巨大损失。

19. Cleaner heating system will bein Beijing to control air pollution.

A. sent B. covered C. established

答案:C

解析:本题考核establish的用法。动词send意为“发送”;cover意为“覆盖”;establish意为“建设,建立”,根据文中语境,所以答案是C。译文:北京将会建净化加热系统来控制空气污染。

20. Seldom ________ his wife punishes her children for speaking out their own ideas freely.

A. do I see B. have I seen C. I have seen

答案:B

解析:本题考核部分倒装句的用法。具有否定意义或否定形式的词或词组位于句首时,谓语用部分倒装结构。其他具有否定意义的词还有:never,little,scarcely,hardly,not only等。另外,根据句意应用现在完成时态。译文:我几乎没见过他妻子因为孩子们自由表达观点而惩罚他们。

第三部分阅读理解(40分)

Passage 1

21-25题:阅读短文,根据短文内容从A、B、C三个选项中选出一个正确答案。(共计20分,每小题4分)

High-speed rail is a type of rail transport that operates significantly faster than traditional rail traffic, using an integrated system of specialized rolling stock and dedicated tracks. While there is no single standard that applies worldwide, new lines in excess of 250 km/hr and existing lines in excess of 200 km/hr are widely considered to be high-speed, with some extending the definition to include much lower speeds (e.g. 160 km/hr) in areas for which these speeds still represent significant improvements. The first such system began operations in Japan in 19 and was widely known as the bullet train. High-speed trains normally operate on standard gauge tracks of continuously welded rail on grade-separated right-of-way that incorporates a large turning radius in its design.

Many countries have developed high-speed rail to connect major cities, including Austria , Belgium, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Poland, Portugal, Russia, South Korea, Sweden, Taiwan, turkey, United Kingdom, United States and Uzbekistan. Only in Europe does HSR cross international borders. China has 16,000 km of HSR, accounting for 60 percent of the world’s total. While high-speed rail is usually designed for passenger travel, some high-speed systems also offer freight service.

21. High-speed rail is a type of rail transport that operates significantly______ than traditional rail traffic.

A. faster

B. slower

C. as fast as

22. According to the passage, which of the following is true?

A. there is no single standard that applies worldwide.

B. there is a standard that applies worldwide

C. there are two standards that apply worldwide

23. When didThe first such systemwidely known as the bullet trainbegin operations in Japan ?

A. in 19

B. in 1966

C. in 1946

24. The underlined word “ freight” at the end of the paragraph means______

A. military B. cargo C.health

25. The best title of this passage is .

A. traditional rail traffic B. the bullet train C. high-speed rail

答案:21. A 22. A 23. C 24. B 25. B

解析:

21. 这是一道细节题。短文的首句指出,高铁是一种运营速度远远超过传统列车的交通运输工具,所以选A。

22. 这是一道正误判断题。题干要求根据文章的内容,选择选项的表述内容是正确的一个,因此要在原文中要找到与三个选项所表述的内容相关的语句。选项A根据短文的第三句话有明确的表述,选项B和C表述的是“…a standard 和…two standards”,表述的内容与原文不符,而原文的表述为“…no single standard ”,所以选A。

23. 这是一道细节题。短文的首句指出,这种被大家称之为“子弹头”的列车19年首次在日本开始运行,所以选C。

24. 这是一道词义辨析题。短文的最后一句说:高速铁路通常是专为乘客旅行服务的,有一些高速铁路还提供货运服务。B选项中的cargo与文中的 freight同义,所以选B。

25. 这是一道主旨题,此题是要求要选恰当的标题,这篇短文是围绕高铁展开论述,所以选B。

Passage 2

26-30题:阅读短文并根据短文内容判断其后的句子是正确(True)还是错误(False)。(共计20分,每小题4分)

Housing is the living places for human beings. As the population keeps climbing, people in the city have to face the reality that housing is in short supply. To solve this problem, New York city planners are challenging tradition and starting to design more “micro units.”

Micros, also known as “hostel-style” apartments, usually offer less than 200 square feet (18.5 square meters) in area. Could you imagine living in 150 square feet (14 square meters)? These units usually have only room for a bed, a table mini-fridge and the basic living essentials.

Why is the micro apartment so appealing? The reasons are rather straightforward. It is perfect for single people who don’t have a lot of things. It can also meet the need of people who are short on cash but determined to live in their own places.

Micro apartments are very common in cities like Tokyo and , where there are so many people living. Now this tiny housing solution is gaining ground in urban areas in the U.S., and Canada.

The micro apartment is an experiment in simplicity in American culture. So small-scale home life is part of a hot trend in U.S. real estate. Some people are proud of it. Some of them can find the humor and fun in their small places. But not everyone is in favor of the trend.

26.According to the passage, the next big trend in U.S. real estate is _______.

A. big house B. micro apartment C. traditional house

27.As the population keeps climbing, people in the city have to face the reality that ______.

A. housing is in short supply B. housing is very sufficient C. housing is a luxury goods

28.Why is the micro apartment so appealing? __________

A. It meets the need of someone. B. It’s very strange. C. It’s excellent.

29.Micro apartments are very common in some cities like ______.

A. Beijing B. London C. Tokyo

30. How do people think of the micro apartment? ________

A. Everyone likes it very much.

B. Some people think it’s humorous and fun.

C. Not everyone is in favor of the trend.

答案: 26. B 27. A 28. A 29. C 30. C

解析:

26.这是一道推断题。从最后一段的第二句可以推断出正确答案为B。

27.这是一道细节题。从短文的第二句可以看出正是本题的答案。短语in short supply意为:短缺,供不应求。因而正确答案为A。

28.这是一道细节推断题。从短文第三段第三句可以得出答案,短语 meet the need of意为:满足……需求。正确答案为A。

29.这是一道细节辨析题。从短文第四段第一句话可以分辨出正确答案为:C。

30.这是一道观点态度题。从文中最后一句话并不是每个人都会喜欢小房产,可以得出正确答案为:C。

第四部分翻译(共计20分,每小题4分)

31-35:请从以下A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳翻译。

31. It can also meet the need of people who are short on cash but determined to live in their own places.

A. 它也能满足一些人的需要,他们缺钱,但又决心拥有一个自己的家。

B. 它也可以满足人的需要,缺钱但决定住在自己的地方。

C. 它也能满足需要的人谁是短期的现金,但决心生活在自己的地方。

答案:A

解析:短语meet the need of 意为:满足……的需求。由关系代词who引导的定语从句修饰people。

短语be determined to do sth. 意为:下定决心去做某事,这里表示有决心的状态。正确答

案为A。

32. It has a total length of 49.968 km, of which 35.578 km will be built over the sea.

A. 它总长度49.968公里,其中35.578公里在海上。

B. 它总长度49.968公里,其中有35.578公里是横跨在海面上的。

C. 它总长度49.968公里,其中35.578公里在海底。

答案:B

解析:be built over 横跨,以…建筑物覆盖。所以选B。

33. It’s very important to maintain your current weight through exercise and healthy eating.

A. 非常重要的通过锻炼和健康饮食来保持你目前的体重。

B. 锻炼和健康饮食来保持你目前的体重是非常重要。

C. 通过锻炼和健康饮食来保持你目前的体重是非常重要的。

答案:C

解析:本题中,It是形式主语,动词不定式短语to maintain…是真正的主语,放在句子后面,through意为:

通过,所以正确答案是C。

34. People who do not have wood must spend large amounts of money on cooking fuel.

A.那些没有足够木材的人们得花费大量的钱来烧饭。

B.那些没有足够多木材的人们得依靠大量的钱来购买烹饪燃料。

C.那些没有足够木材的人们得花费大量的金钱购买烹饪燃料。

答案:C

解析:spend money on doing sth:表示“在......上花费金钱等”,介词on后接名词或代词。短语large amounts of意为“大量的”,修饰不可数名词,所以选C。

35. Visitors can enjoy a very close experience with the forest and wildlife on the curving bridge.

A.游客们能够与野生动物和森林有着更近的体验。

B.蜿蜒的桥面让游客能够近距离地体验森林与野生动物。

C. 游客们可以尽情享受丛林中的野生动物。

答案:B

解析:A. C 选项忽略了 on the curving bridge的翻译。所以选B。

样题2

国家开放大学外语教学部 熊英 (发布时间:2017-06-23)

第一部分交际用语 (10分)

1-5题:根据对话内容选择恰当的选项。(每题2分,共10分)

1. --- Don’t forget to come to our party this weekend!

--- _____________________________

A. Sure. See you.

B. You are welcome.

C. Not at all.

答案:A

解析:本题是考查“接受邀请”的交际用语。第一说话人提出了邀请,答语应该表示同意,所以答案是A。

2.---- Excuse me. Can you tell me how to get to the Linden Street?

---- _____________________________

A. You can’t ask me.

B. Pardon? I have no idea.

C. Sorry, I’m new here.

答案:C

解析:本题考查 “问路”的交际用语。对于上文“打扰了,你能否告诉我到林顿街怎么走?”的回答有两种。如果知道怎么走,就可以用简单的方位词指示出怎样到达目的地。如果不知道怎样走,可以真实地告诉对方“I’m sorry, I am new here too.”表示帮不了忙。而A和B都不是正确的回应对方问路的语言。答案C的内容符合交际“对不起,我也不熟悉这里”,所以正确答案是C。

3. ----I’m going to Hainan for my holiday.

----________________________

A.Thanks a lot. B. Not at all. C. Have a nice trip!

答案:C

解析:本题考查“表达祝愿”的交际用语。句意: “我要去海南度假。”“旅途愉快!”

thanks a lot意为“非常感谢”;Not at all意为“不用谢”;与题意都不符合,所以正确答案是C。

4. --- I wonder if you could help me take my suitcase and box onto the car. They are too heavy for me to carry.

---.

A. It doesn’t matter.

B. Certainly, here it is.

C. My pleasure, sir.

答案:C

解析:本题考查“请求帮助”的交际礼貌用语。当第一说话人用“I wonder if you could help me…”提出要求。被询问者应当用Sure/ No problem/Here you are/My pleasure等回答,所以答案是C。

5.——Have you had a nice journey?

——________________________

A. Glad to see you, too, Mary. Indeed, it’s been a very nice journey.

B. How are you?

C. Yes, we have.

答案:A

解析:本题考查“询问某事”的交际用语。“Have you had…” 是现在完成时态,表示到现在为止已完成的旅行,此题询问是否度过了一个愉快的旅行,问句是一般疑问句形式,因而回答必须用“yes”或“no”作答。因而正确答案为A。

第二部分词汇与语法(30分)

6-20题:阅读下面的句子,从A、B、C三个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的最佳选项。(每题2分,共30分)

6. Tony is going camping with ___ boys.

A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little

答案:C

解析:由 \"限定词--数词--描述词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) --性质--名词\"的公式

可知数词,描绘词,性质依次顺序,只有C合乎答案, 所以正确答案选C。译文:托尼将要和其他两个小男孩一块儿去露营。

7. --- Could you please tell me something about the two_______?

--- ____. They arc exchange students of No. 1 Middle School.

A. Frenchmen; Yes, please B. Germen; Not at all C. Germans; All right

答案:C

解析:本题考查专有名词复数与交际用语用法。Frenchman的复数是Frenchmen,German

的复数不是把a换成e,而是直接加s, 即Germans,故B是错的。Yes, please 包含

“好吧和感谢”的意思,All right指“好吧”。故正确答案是C。译文:“你能告诉我有关这两位德国人的情况吗?”“可以,他们是第一中学的交流学生。”

8.Solar cooking is a _______cooking method.

A. convenience B. convention C. convenient

答案:C

解析:该题考核形容词convenient的用法。convenience是名词,意为“便利的事物”;convention也是名

词,意为“会议,习俗”,所以答案是C。译文:太阳能烹饪是一种非常便捷的烹饪方式。

9. Li Lei is___ student in our class.

A. tall B. taller D. the tallest

答案:C

解析:此题考核形容词最高级的用法。形容词最高级用于两个以上的人和物进行比较, 其结构形式为:主语+谓语(系动词)+the+形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的短语或从句。所以选C。译文:李蕾是我们班上最高的学生。

10. The book ________ on this subject was written by an old female writer.

A. referring B. referring to C. referred to

答案: C

解析:本题考查非谓语动词。referred to是短语动词的过去分词做后置定语修饰book,意为“涉及……”。答案A和B 为现在分词,不具有被动含义,所以答正确案是C。译文:涉及这门学科的这本书是由一位年长的女作家撰著的。

11. Seldom ________ his wife punishes her children for speaking out their own ideas freely.

A. do I see B. have I seen C. I have seen

答案:B

解析:本题考核部分倒装句的用法。具有否定意义或否定形式的词或词组位于句首时,谓语用部分倒装结构。其他具有否定意义的词还有:never,little,scarcely,hardly,not only等。另外,根据句意应用现在完成时态。

译文:我几乎没见过他妻子因为孩子们自由表达观点而惩罚他们。

12.If he persists awkward questions, then send him to the boss.

A. in asking B. to ask C. to be asked

答案:A

解析:本题考核persist in doing的动词搭配。persist in为固定搭配,表示“坚持做……”,所以答案是A。译文:如果他固执地问那些让人尴尬的问题,那么就把他打发到老板那儿。

13.There is no doubt __________Herbert is the most industrious student in our class.

A. whether B. what C. that

答案:C

解析:本题考核同位语从句。名词doubt用在肯定句中,其后的同位语从句用whether引导,若用在否定句中则由that引导,故选C。译文:赫伯特是我们班最勤奋的学生,这一点是不用怀疑的。

14. Now tell me, how can you separate yourself ____the other person?

A. with B. out C. from

答案:C

解析:separate from意为“分开,区别”为固定搭配;所以正确答案为C. 译文:那么请告诉我,你怎能把自己同别人分开呢?

15. All the trees______ last summer.

A. were planted B. planted C. are planting

答案: A

解析:本题考查被动语态。根据句意应该是“树被种”,而且其中含有表示过去时间的时

间状语last summer,所以应该用一般过去时的被动语态。因此正确答案应是A。译文:所有的树都是去年夏天种下的。

16.We support the view that poor management will ______ business failure.

A. break up B. take in C. lead to

答案:C

解析:本题考查动词短语辨析。break up意为“打碎,破裂”;take in意为“包含,包括; lead to意为“导致”。由题意可知答案为C。译文:我们所支持的观点是,不良的管理将会导致企业的失败。

17. She didn't know______ to express her ideas in English clearly in public.

A. which B. why C. how

答案:C

解析:本题考查对句意及副词用法的掌握。这里要选用副词how,意思是“如何;怎样;以什么方式”。译文:她不知道在公共场合如何用英语清楚表达自己的想法。

18. I’m a business trip for APEC summit, sir.

A. on B. for C. in

答案:A

解析:本题考核动词词组搭配, be on a business trip 出差, 只有搭配介词on, 所以答案是A。译文:我是来出差开亚太经合组织会议的,长官。

19. I have an appointment with Mr. Xie at about 10 o’clock tomorrow morning, but would you please it to sometime next week?

A. complete B. clarify C. postpone

答案:C

解析:本题考核postpone的词义和用法, 这三个选项的词义不同,complete意为“完成”; clarify意为“说明,澄清”,postpone意为“推迟,延迟” 。这句话是更改预约时间,意思是可不可以推迟到下周的某个时间。所以答案是C。译文:我和谢先生约在明早十点左右,可是能帮我推迟到下周的某个时间吗?

20. --Do you like reading books?

---Yes. Each of us ______________to do more reading in and after class.

A. are encouraged B. encourage C. is encouraged

答案:C

解析:此题考查被动语态的用法。each of us我们每个人,each做主语,谓语动词用单数形式,故正确答案选

C。译文:你喜欢阅读吗?是的,每个人都鼓励在课内外阅读。

第三部分阅读理解(40分)

Passage 1

21-25题:阅读短文,根据短文内容从A、B、C三个选项中选出一个正确答案。(共计20分,每小题4分)

Mobile phone has become a problem for middle schools. Some middle schools in Australia have banned(禁止) students from carrying mobile phones during school hours. Mobile phone use among children has become a problem for the school this year. Several children have got mobile phones as Christmas gifts, teachers said mobile phone use is a distraction (娱乐) to students during school hours and it also gives teachers so much trouble in their classrooms. Teachers were also saying that sometimes students might use phone messages (消息) to cheat during exams.

She said some schools had tried to ban mobile phones. Some parents felt unhappy because they couldn't get in touch with (与…联系) their children.

Many teachers said students should not have mobile phones at school, but if there was a good reason, they could leave their phones at school office. They also said there were many reasons why the students should not have mobile phones at school: they were easy to lose and were a distraction from studies.

Many people say that they understand why parents would want their children to have phones, but they think schools should let the students know when they can use their mobile phones.

21. Some middle schools in Australia have banned students from carrying mobile phones ______.

A. because they are students

B. when they are free

C. when they are at school

22. We know from the passage that some children get mobile phones from.

A. the makers and sellers

B. the passers-by and strangers

C. their parents and friends

23. What does the underlined word cheat mean in the passage?

A. 聊天

B.作弊

C. 查询

24. Some parents felt unhappy because they couldn't ______ during school hours.

A. use their mobile phones

B. get in touch with their children

C. help the teachers with their work

25. The passage tells us that _____.

A. students shouldn't have mobile phones at school except for some special reasons

B. it is impossible to ban students from using mobile phones at school

C. some parents felt unhappy because they couldn't use their phones at school

答案:21. C 22. C 23. B 24. B 25. A

解析:

21. 这是一道细节题。从第一段的句子:Some middle schools in Australia have banned (禁止) students from carrying mobile phones during school hours.可知禁止学生带手机,是因为他们在学校,所以答案是。

22. 这是一道细节题。从第二段的句子:Several children have got mobile phones as Christmas presents, and more students want them.可知学生是从父母或朋友那里得到手机的,所以答案是C。

23.这是一道猜词题。因为是在考试中所以是“作弊”的意,所以答案是B。

24.这是一道细节题。从第四段的句子:Some parents felt unhappy, because they couldn’t get in touch with their children.可知父母不高兴是因为不能和孩子联系了,所以答案是B。

25.这是一道主旨题。从倒数第二段的句子:Many teachers said students should not have mobile phones at school, but if there was a good reason, they could leave their phones at school office.可知在学校学生不该带手机除了特殊原因, 所以答案是A。

Passage 2

26-30题:阅读短文并根据短文内容判断其后的句子是正确(True)还是错误(False)。(共计20分,每小题4分)

One of the masterpieces of modern architecture, the fantastic Hangzhou Bay Bridge has been opened to the public since May 2008.

The Bridge is an S-shaped stayed-cable bridge with six lanes in both directions and is linking Ningbo's Cixi county in the south to Jiaxing in the north. It shortens the highway travel distance between Ningbo and Shanghai by 120 kilometers, and reduces the driving time from 4 to 2.5 hours.

It is the longest sea-crossing bridge in the world - 36 kilometers (22 miles) long. This fantastic bridge crossing the Hangzhou Bay is expected to have a 100-year lifespan, and has a price tag of 11.8 billion yuan (US$1.70 billion).

The toll fee is 80 yuan per vehicle. As the bridge has six lanes in both directions, you can be quite sure that you will have a smooth ride.

The speed limit is 100 kilometers / 62 miles.

The first preparations for planning the bridge started a decade ago; close to 600 experts spent nine years on designing the Hangzhou Bay Bridge. Chief Commander of the Bridge Project is Mr Wang Yong. The bridge was linked in 2007 and an opening ceremony was held on 26th June. But the Bridge was first open to the public, almost one year later, after a series of tests and evaluations.

26. The fantastic Hangzhou Bay Bridge has been opened to the public since May 2010.

27. It is the longest sea-crossing bridge in the world - 36 kilometers (22 miles) long.

28. The toll fee is 100 yuan per vehicle.

29. The speed limit is 100 kilometers / 62 miles.

30. Chief Commander of the Bridge Project is Mr Yang Yong.

答案:26. F 27. T 28. F 29. T 30. F

解析:

26. 这是一道细节题。短文第一段的第一句指出该桥建于2008年5月,所以答案是F。

27. 这是一道细节题。根据短文第三段第一句的描述该桥是世界上最大的跨海大桥,所以答案是T。

28.这是一道辨析题。短文第四段第一句话提到机动车的过桥费用是80元,所以答案是F。

29. 这是一道细节题。短文第五段描述最高时速是每小时100公里,所以答案是T。

30. 这是一道细节题。短文的最后一段第二句指出,大桥总指挥是杨勇,所以答案是F。

第四部分翻译(共计20分,每小题4分)

31-35:请从以下A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳翻译。

31. A beautiful little room with love and happiness is a great place to live.

A. 一个美丽的小房间,爱和幸福是一个居住的好地方。

B.一间充盈爱和幸福的小美屋就是宜居的好地方。

C. 一个美丽的小房间,爱和幸福是一个伟大的地方住。

答案:B

解析:介词短语with love and happiness在句中作定语修饰room,不定式短语to live 修饰place,构成动宾关系。因而正确答案为B。

32. If you travel alone and want to know better family life in Britain, you’d better stay in B & Bs.

A.如果你独自旅行, 想知道更好的家庭生活在英国, 你最好呆在B & Bs。

B.如果你独自旅行,想了解英国的家庭生活,你最好呆在家里。

C.如果你独自旅行并且想更好地了解英国的居民生活,你可以住在B & Bs。

答案:C

解析:If 引导假设条件状语从句,had better 是“最好”的意思。had better 这个词组合在

一起可做情态动词用, 后面直接加动词原形, 否定式在better后加not, 再加动词原形。

正确答案为C。

33. I’d love to share with you my new kitchenware.

A.我很喜爱与你分享我的新厨具。

B. 我很乐意和你分享我的新厨具。

C.我很乐意平均分配我的新厨具。

答案:B

解析:I’d love to 表示乐意做某事,share with 表示与某人分享,所以选B。

34. You can buy almost everything, as long as you have access to the Internet and enough money.

A. 只要有网络和足够多的钱,你可以通过网络买到任何东西。

B. 如果你有网络和钱,就可以买到任何东西。

C. 只要有网络和足够多的钱,你就可以买到任何东西。

答案:A

解析:这是一个复合句。As long as 引导条件状语从句,意为“只要.....就......”,根据这个句子中的access to internet 可获得信息为通过网络进行购物,所以,第一个句子虽然没有提到网络,但应该是指购买网上的东西。所以答案是A.

35. From the East Coast to the West Coast it is about 3, 000 miles wide.

A. 美国领土的东西宽度约为3000英里。

B. 美国领土为3000英里。

C. 美国领土的东西宽度为2000英里。

答案:A

解析:本题中,代词“it”指代“距离”,介词from…to…意为“从……到……”,所以正确答案是A。

因篇幅问题不能全部显示,请点此查看更多更全内容

Copyright © 2019- dfix.cn 版权所有 湘ICP备2024080961号-1

违法及侵权请联系:TEL:199 1889 7713 E-MAIL:2724546146@qq.com

本站由北京市万商天勤律师事务所王兴未律师提供法律服务