New words
Unit 6 TEXT A
numerous a.
many 许多的；很多的
The library has numerous books, more than I have ever expected. 这个图书馆拥有大量的图书，比我预想的要多得多。
reliable a.
able to be trusted or depended on 可信赖的；可靠的
A reliable employee does his/her job with minimal error. 一个可靠的员工工作起来错误最少。
contrast vt.
compare two things, ideas, people, etc. to show how different they are from each other 使成对比； 使成对照
In her essay, the author contrasts the present economic crisis with the one 10 years ago. 作者在文中就当前的经济危机和十年前的经济危机进行了对比。 vi.
(of two things) be different from each other, often in a noticeable or interesting way 形成对比 Her dark hair contrasted sharply with her pale silk gown. 她的黑头发和她的浅色丝绸礼服形成了强烈的对比。 n.
[C, U] a difference between people, ideas, situations, things, etc. that are being compared 差异； 差别
The book presents a very interesting contrast between life now and life 100 years ago. 这本书把现在的生活和 100 年之前的生活进行了十分有趣的对比。
Harry’s house is big and decent. In contrast, the house just next to his is small and shabby. 哈利的房子又大又体面。相反，就在他边上的那座房子却又小又破旧。
indicate vt.
1 show that a particular situation exists, or that sth. is likely to be true 表明；显示
The analyses indicate that in aircraft accidents, the system is most often at fault, not the operator. 这些分析表明，在飞机失事事故中往往是系统出了问题，而非操作人员出现失误。 2 say or do sth. to make your wishes, intention, etc. clear 表明（意向等）
Professor Smith has indicated his intention to retire at the end of the year. 史密斯教授表示打算今年年底退休。 indicator n.
[C] sth. that can be regarded as a sign of sth. else 指示物；指示者
Age alone is a poor indicator of a person’s capability, so we must consider other aspects. 单看年龄不能说明一个人的能力，因此我们必须考虑其他方面。
decrease v.
become less or go down to a lower level, or make sth. do this （使）变小；（使）减少
In the evening, one’s body temperature begins to decrease in preparation for sleep. 夜晚，人的体温开始下降，为睡觉作准备。
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n.
[C, U] the process of becoming less, or the amount by which sth. becomes less 减少；减少的量Thanks to the great efforts made by the police, crime has been on the decrease in the past few years. 由于警察的巨大努力，过去几年的犯罪率呈下降趋势。
assess vt.
1 make a judgment about a person or situation after thinking carefully about it 评价；评定
They are conducting a survey to assess the impact of advertising on people’s consumer behavior. 他们正在进行一项调查，测评广告对于人们消费行为的影响。 2 calculate the value or cost of sth. 估价；估计
The value of the house was assessed at one million US dollars. 该房屋估价为 100 万美元。
alter v.
change, or make sb. or sth. change （使）变化；（使）改变
If it rains we’ll have to alter our plan for the holiday. 如果下雨，我们将不得不改变假期的计划。 The city center has altered beyond recognition. 市中心变得都认不出来了。
stake n.
1 (~s) [pl.] the things that you can gain or lose by taking a risk, e.g. in business or politics 赌注；风险
They finally rejected the idea of building a shopping center in the small town because the stakes were high. 他们最终还是放弃了在小镇上建一座购物中心的想法，因为风险太大了。
2 [C] money that you risk as the result of a horse race, card game, etc. （赛马、牌局等的）赌注， 押金
For a dollar stake, you can win up to $1,000,000. 押一美元的赌注，你最多可以赢一百万美元。 3 [C] the part of a business that you own because you have invested money in it 股份 He holds a 30% stake in the firm. 他在这家公司拥有 30% 的股份。
academic a.
(usu. before noun) relating to education, esp. at college or university level 学术的
The traditional academic disciplines are less popular among students, who now prefer subjects such as business studies. 传统的学术科目在学生中不太受欢迎, 如今学生们更喜欢商科等科目。
undermine vt.
gradually make sb. or sth. less strong or effective 逐渐削弱；逐渐损害
Someone is trying to undermine the relationship between you and me. 有人试图破坏我俩之间的关系。
significant a.
1 very large or noticeable 相当数量的；显著的
They have all invested significant amounts of time and energy in making this project a success. 他们都为这个项目的成功付出了相当多的时间和精力。 2 very important 重要的；意义重大的
Please inform me if there are any significant changes in your plan. 如果你的计划有重大变更，请通知我。
significantly
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ad.
3
in an important way or to an important degree 重大地；显著地
Employment rates are unlikely to rise significantly before the end of this year. 就业率在今年年底前不可能有显著上升。
interfere vi.
deliberately get involved in a situation where you are not wanted or needed 介入；干涉；干预This is our country’s domestic affair; we do not expect other countries to interfere. 这是我国内政； 我们不希望别国来干涉。
overall ad.
1 generally 一般地；总体上
Overall, I am very pleased about this new turn in my career. 总的来说，我对自己职业生涯中这一新的转变感到很满意。
2 considering or including everything 全部地；总共
Overall, 40% of cities have seen the rise of house prices. 共有 40% 的城市的房价在上涨。 a.
(only before noun) considering or including everything 包括一切的；全部的
The overall length of the new bridge is 1,200 meters. 这座新桥的总长是 1,200 米。
proof n.
[C, U] facts, information, documents, etc. that prove sth. is true 证明；证据
When he was confronted with proof of his crime, he broke down. 当罪犯面对自己的犯罪证据时， 他崩溃了。
approximately ad.
used for showing that an amount, number, time, etc. is not exact 大致；近似
She has lost approximately 10 pounds since I met her last time. 从我上次见到她到现在为止，她的体重已经减了大约 10 磅。
seemingly ad.
1 (fml.) according to the facts as you know them 看样子；看来
There is seemingly nothing we can do to stop the plan going ahead. 看样子我们无法阻止这项计划的实施。
2 appearing to have a particular quality, when this may or may not be true 看上去；表面上；外观上
She has a seemingly endless list of complaints to make. 她看上去有没完没了的牢骚要发。
consistent a.
1 continuing to happen or develop in the same way 稳定发展的；持续不变的
The last five years have seen a consistent improvement in the country’s economy. 在过去五年中，这个国家的经济经历了持续的发展。
2 always behaving in the same way or having the same attitudes, standards, etc., usu. used to show approval （行为、态度、标准等）一贯的，一致的
Since joining the team last year, he’s been the most consistent player in the team. 自从去年入队以来，他已经成为队中表现最为稳定的选手。
toll
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n.
1 [C] a very bad effect that sth. has on sth. or sb. over a long period of time 严重的不良影响Lack of sleep takes a toll on nearly every aspect of daily life. 缺少睡眠对日常生活的几乎各个方面都会造成不良影响。
2 [C, usu. sing.] the number of people killed or injured in a particular accident, by a particular illness, etc. 伤亡人数
It was reported that the death toll from last week’s forest fire was 25. 据报道，上周的森林大火造成 25 人死亡。 given prep.
taking sth. into account 考虑到；鉴于
Given her interest in children, teaching should be the right career for her. 考虑到她喜欢孩子，教书应该是适合她的职业。
Given that the voters approve the funds, we’ll have a new park in our town. 由于选举人同意使用那些资金，我们镇上就会有一个新公园了。 a.
(only before noun) (any/a ~ …) any particular time, situation, amount, etc. that is being used as an example 指定的；特定的
Our restaurant can provide service to 30 guests within any given period of time. 我们的餐厅可以在任何特定时间内为 30 人提供餐饮服务。
indication n.
[C, U] a sign that sth. will happen, is true, or exists 象征；迹象；标示
Indications are that the patient is getting better. 种种迹象表明，那个病人的病情正在好转。There is every indication that this figure will more than double by the end of the year. 种种迹象表明，这一数据将在年底翻一番还不止。
compromise vt.
risk harming or losing sth. important 危及；损害
Defeat at this stage would compromise their chances of reaching the finals of the competition. 这个阶段的失败会减少他们进入决赛的机会。
We cannot compromise the safety of our workers. 我们不能危及自己工人的安全。 vi.
solve a problem or end an argument by accepting that you cannot have everything that you want 折中解决；让步
The workers are going to strike if the employers are not ready to compromise. 如果雇主不愿意让步，工人们就要举行罢工。 n.
[C, U] a way of solving a problem or ending an argument in which both people or groups accept that they cannot have everything that they want 妥协；和解
There are signs that both sides may be seeking a compromise. 有迹象表明，双方也许正在寻求和解。
whereas conj.
(fml.) used to say that although sth. is true of one thing, it is not true of another 但是；却；尽管 Wise men love truth, whereas fools shun it. 智者热爱真理，愚者回避真理。
My children want to live in town, whereas I myself would rather live in the country. 我的孩子们要住在城里, 而我自己情愿住在乡下。
His children are well bred, whereas those of his sister’s are naughty. 他的孩子很有教养，但他姐姐的孩子却调皮得很。
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marginal a.
1 barely within a lower standard or limit of quality 勉强够格的；最低限度的
He has received little education and his reading and writing abilities are marginal. 他没受过什么教育，他的阅读和写作能力很有限。
2 (of change or difference) too small to be important 小的；微不足道的；不重要的
The new law will only have a marginal effect on the lives of most people. 新法律对大多数人的生活影响甚微。
commit vt.
1 decide to use money, time, people, etc. for a particular purpose 投入（钱、时间、人力等） We promise to commit time and effort to improving life for people in poor towns. 我们承诺将投入时间和精力来改善贫困城镇居民的生活。
2 do sth. wrong or illegal 犯（错误或罪行）
Because so many factors lead individuals to commit crimes, it is extremely difficult to predict trends. 由于造成个人犯罪的因素实在太多，因此要预测犯罪趋势是极其困难的。
committed a.
willing to work very hard at sth. 坚定的；尽心尽力的
The organization is committed to achieving equal rights for women. 该组织致力于为妇女争取平等权利。
withdraw v.
no longer take part in sth., or stop sb. or sth. from taking part 退出；不参加
In his speech, he emphasized that he did not withdraw from the election campaign for personal reasons. 他在讲话中强调退出竞选活动并非出于个人原因。 vt.
take money from a bank account （从银行）提取
This credit card allows you to withdraw up to $500 a day. 这张信用卡允许你每天最多提现 500 美元。
striking a.
attracting your interest or attention because of some unusual feature 引人注目的；显著的；吸引人的
Perhaps the most striking aspect of this computer is that it is so easy to use. 这款电脑最吸引人的地方是它操作方便。
He bears a striking resemblance to his father. 他和他父亲像极了。
generate vt.
1 produce or cause sth. 产生；创造
I think this new product will generate a lot of income for the company. 我认为这款新产品将为公司创造大笔收入。
2 produce heat, electricity, or another form of energy 产生（热、电等能量）
The local government decided to use the river to generate electricity. 当地政府决定利用那条河发电。
anew
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ad.
again, often in a new or different way 再；重新
He deleted all his files by mistake and now he has to begin his work anew. 他不小心误删了所有文件，因此现在他不得不重新开始工作。
permanent a.
continuing to exist for a long time or for all the time in the future 长久的；永久的；永恒的
Children with severe and permanent learning difficulties should have the right to attend school, too. 有重度的永久性学习障碍的孩子也应该享有上学的权利。
owing to prep.
(fml.) because of sth. 因为；由于
Owing to the recent bad weather, the construction work is several weeks behind schedule. 由于最近天气不好，施工进度已经比计划滞后了几个星期。
erode v.
1 gradually reduce the strength or importance of sth. or be gradually reduced in this way （逐步） 削弱，损害
Confusion and suspicion will erode the competitiveness of the organization. 混乱和猜疑会削弱这个组织的竞争力。
2 gradually damage the surface of rock or land so that it begins to disappear, or be gradually damaged in this way 侵蚀；腐蚀
Rain, humidity, and all kinds of liquids will erode electric wires. 雨水、湿气和各种液体都会腐蚀电线。
characteristic a.
very typical of a particular thing or of sb.’s character 典型的；独特的
A characteristic feature of Suzhou is its beautiful gardens. 苏州的一大特色就是其美丽的园林。 n.
[C, usu. pl.] a quality or feature of sth. or sb. that is typical of them and easy to recognize 特征；特性；特色
In the future parents may be able to choose their Children’s physical characteristics. 将来父母也许可以选择自己孩子的外表特征。
intensive a.
involving a lot of activity, effort, or careful attention in a short period of time 加强的；密集的 Intensive care in hospitals is given to the seriously ill. 医院对危重病人进行特别护理。
There is now intense competition between schools to attract students. 现在学校之间为了招揽生源展开了激烈竞争。
recreation n.
[C, U] an activity that you do for pleasure or amusement 娱乐；消遣
They usually set aside Saturday afternoons for recreation and leisure. 他们通常专门安排周六下午来进行娱乐休闲活动。
surplus a.
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more than what is needed or used 过剩的；剩余的；多余的Surplus money can be invested. 可以把多余的钱用来投资。n.
[C, U] an amount of sth. that is more than what is needed or used 剩余；过剩；剩余额；多余的量As the number of students has been decreasing in recent years, this area suffers from a surplus of teachers. 由于近年来学生人数逐渐减少，这一地区面临着教师过剩的问题。
accustomed a.
(be ~ to doing sth.) being familiar with sth. and accepting it as normal 习惯于做某事
She called her parents just to tell them that she had become accustomed to life at university. 她打电话给父母就是要告诉他们，她已经适应了大学生活。
depress vt.
1 (fml.) make sth. such as a price or value go down 降低；减少
The central bank tried to depress the value of its currency on the foreign exchange market. 央行试图贬低其货币在外汇市场上的价值。
2 make sb. feel very unhappy 使沮丧；使忧愁；使抑郁
The thought of taking the exam again depressed him. 想到要补考，他心情沮丧。
convention n.
[C, U] behavior and attitudes that most people in a society consider to be normal and right 习俗； 惯例；常规
Wearing a coat and tie is an accepted convention on such an occasion. 这种场合穿西装、系领带是公认的惯例。
controversial a.
causing a lot of disagreement, because many people have strong opinions about the subject being discussed 引起争论的；有争议的
The treatment is controversial because it may have serious side effects. 这种治疗方法是有争议的，因为它可能引发严重的副作用。
conventional a.
(usu. before noun) of the usual, traditional, or accepted type, instead of being new and different 常例的；因袭的；传统的
I found him very conventional as an artist; he’s not willing to try anything new. 我觉得他作为一名艺术家太保守；他不愿意尝试任何新的事物。
formative a.
(~ years/period/stages, etc.) the period when sb.’s character develops 个性形成时期/阶段等
Parents and our educational institutions play a vital role during the formative years of our young. 家长和我们的教育机构在年轻人的个性形成时期起着关键的作用。
abandon vt.
1 stop having a particular idea, belief, or attitude 放弃（信念、信仰或看法）
Rescuers had abandoned all hope of finding any more survivors. 营救人员对于找到更多的生还者已不抱任何希望。
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2 leave sb. when you should stay with them and look after them 抛弃；遗弃
Mary told me that her parents had abandoned her when she was three. 玛丽告诉我，她父母在她三岁时就抛弃了她。
appealing a.
attractive or interesting 有吸引力的；有趣的
The idea of a whole week on the beach is very appealing. 在海滩上度过整整一个星期，这个主意很吸引人。
myth n. [C, U]
1 an idea or story that many people believe, but which is not true （许多人相信的）错误观念，荒诞说法
The myth that the earth was flat was dictated for many years before Columbus. 在哥伦布（发现新大陆）之前，人们长期被灌输地球是平的这一错误观念。
One of the popular dieting myths is that low-fat diets are good for you. 一个常见的饮食误区是认为低脂食品有利健康。
2 an ancient story, esp. one invented in order to explain natural or historical events （古代的）神话
In Greek myth, Athena was the goddess of wisdom, warfare, and crafts. 在希腊神话中，雅典娜是主智慧、战争和技艺的女神。
resolve vt.
1 (fml.) make a definite decision to do sth. 下决心，决意（做某事）
I resolve to send application letters and make phone calls to 25 companies by September. 我决心在九月份之前给 25 家公司发求职信、打求职电话。
2 find a satisfactory way of dealing with a problem or difficulty 解决（问题、困难）
We must find a way to resolve these problems before it’s too late. 我们必须趁还来得及的时候找到解决这些问题的办法。 n.
[U] (fml.) strong determination to succeed in doing sth. 决心；决意
If we carry out our plan with resolve, we’ll achieve our goal sooner or later. 只要我们坚定地执行我们的计划，我们迟早会实现我们的目标。 Phrases and expressions
interfere with
prevent sth. from succeeding or from happening in the way that was planned 妨碍；阻止
Problems with the teeth or gums can interfere with eating well. 牙齿或牙龈有问题会妨碍正常进食。
cut class
(AmE) (infml.) deliberately not go to a class that you should go 逃课
Mike had planned to invite Carolyn to dinner, but Carolyn cut class that day. 迈克原打算请卡罗琳吃饭, 但是卡罗琳那天正好逃课了。
on the other hand
(also on the one hand ... ~) used to give another opinion or fact that should be considered as well as the one you
have just given 另一方面…；从一方面来说…，从另一方面来说…
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I’d like a job that pays more, but on the other hand, I enjoy the work I’m doing. 我想找一份工资高一点的工作，但是另一方面，我又很喜欢现在的工作。
I’d like to eat out, but on the other hand, I should be trying to save money. 我想出去吃饭，但是另一方面，我又要尽量省钱。
take a/its toll on
have a bad effect on sth. or sb. over a long period of time 对产生不良影响
Too much dessert can take a toll on your waistline and your health. 吃太多甜食会让你腰围变粗、健康受损。
at risk (of)
in a situation where you may be harmed 处境危险；受到威胁
According to the research, 20% of the population was at risk of developing lung disease from second-hand smoking. 据研究表明，20%的人口面临因二手烟而罹患肺病的风险。
to begin with
1 during the first part of a process or activity 起初；开始的时候
There were six of us to begin with, and then two people left. 开始的时候我们有六个人, 后来有两个人离开了。
2 (spoken) used to introduce the first and most important point you want to make 首先
Well, to begin with, he shouldn’t even have been driving my car. 呃，首先，他就不应该开我的车。
in other words
used when you are expressing an idea or opinion again in a different and usually simpler way 换言之；换句话 说
They asked him to leave — in other words, he was fired. 他们请他走人，也就是说，他被解雇了。
cut back on
1 reduce the amount, size, cost, etc. of sth. 削减；缩减
During an economic slowdown, many banks are forced to cut back on lending. 在经济衰退时，许多银行被迫削减贷款。
2 eat, drink, or use less of sth., esp. in order to improve your health （尤指为了健康而）少吃，少喝，减少
You should cut back on sugar to lose some weight. 你要减轻体重就应该少吃糖。
cut corners
do sth. less carefully or thoroughly than you should, because you are trying to save time or money （为节省时间或金钱而）草草行事，偷工减料
Don’t cut corners with this part of the exercise; it’s what makes you have muscles. 做这部分练习时不要偷懒，正是这个部分的练习能让你锻炼出肌肉。
bit by bit
gradually 逐渐地；一点一点地
Bit by bit, he is improving, but he still has a long way to go to win the contest. 他正在一点点地提高，但是要赢得比赛他还有很长的一段路要走。
burn the midnight oil
(infml.) work or study until late at night 挑灯夜战；开夜车
You’d better not burn the midnight oil every day; it is harmful to your health. 你最好不要每天开夜车，这会伤害你的身体健康。
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drop out
1 leave a school or university before your course has finished 退学；辍学
It is not wise to drop out of school because of part-time jobs. 因为打工而辍学是不明智的。 2 no longer do an activity or belong to a group 退出；脱离
She was injured in the first round and had to drop out of the competition. 她在第一轮受伤，只好退出比赛。
in turn
1 as a result of sth. 相应地
Theory comes from practice and in turn serves practice. 理论来自于实践，并反过来服务于实践。 2 one after the other, esp. in a particular order 轮流地；依次地
We will examine each of these methods in turn. 我们将依次分析这些方法。
contribute to
help to make sth. happen 促成，造成（某事发生）
Everyone on the team contributed to winning the game. 队里的每一个人都为赢得这场比赛出了力。
The exchange of goodwill missions greatly contribute to a better understanding between the two countries. 互派友好代表团大大促进了两国之间的相互了解。
hold on to
continue feeling or believing sth. 继续感到；仍然相信
Whatever your reason, I shall hold on to my idea that people should be allowed to have private lives. 无论你的理由是什么，我坚持我的观点，那就是应该允许人们有自己的私人生活。
TEXT B
New words
soar vi.
1 increase quickly to a high level 猛增；骤升
The prices of houses have been soaring in recent years. 房子的价格近几年一直在飞涨。 2 rise quickly into the air 急速升高
Jumping off the springboard, he soared three meters up into the air before coming down again. 他从跳板上跳起来，一下子窜到空中三米高处，然后才落下来。
frank a.
honest and truthful 坦率的；坦诚的；直言不讳的
To be frank, I’d rather you were not involved in the case. 坦率地说，我更希望你不要插手这桩案子。
vigorous a.
1 full of energy, enthusiasm, or determination 体力旺盛的；热情满怀的；强有力的；坚决的
You should do a combination of moderate and vigorous exercise. 你应该进行中、高强度相结合的锻炼。
2 strong, active, and healthy 强壮的；积极的；健壮的
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Cutting the bush in the autumn will help promote vigorous growth in the spring. 秋天修剪灌木会促进它们在春天茁壮成长。
absorb vt.
1 accept changes or costs and deal with them successfully 经受；承受
Some law firms, unable to absorb the cost, would have to pass it on to the clients. 一些律师行无力自行承担这一费用，因此只好把它转嫁到客户头上。
2 take in liquid, gas, or another substance from the surface or space around sth. 吸收
In order to grow, plants need sunlight and absorb nutrients from the soil. 植物需要阳光并从土壤中吸收养分才能生长。
3 interest sb. so much that they do not pay attention to other things 吸引某人；使专心
The book absorbed him completely; he didn’t even hear the phone ring. 那本书完全吸引住了他， 连电话铃响了他都没听见。
tuition n.
[U] (BrE ~ fees) the money you pay for being taught 学费
The only practical course of action is to borrow money from the bank to pay his son’s tuition. 唯一可行的做法就是从银行借钱来支付他儿子的学费。
tremendous a.
very big, fast, powerful, etc. 巨大的；极快的；强有力的
The success of the event requires tremendous effort on the part of many volunteers. 本次活动的成功需要许多志愿者作出巨大努力。
He never mentioned the tremendous pain of misunderstanding he had gone through before. 他从来没提起他曾经历的被人误解的巨大痛苦。
relevant a.
directly relating to the subject or problem being discussed or considered 有关的；切题的
I don’t need all the material. Just give me the relevant documents of his work experience. 我不需要所有的材料，只要给我与他的工作经历相关的文件就可以了。
spite n.
[U] (in ~ of sth.) without being affected or prevented by sth. 虽然；不顾；尽管…（仍…）
In spite of my fear, I walked forth into the house, not knowing who would be inside. 尽管害怕，我还是径直走进了那所房子，不知道里面有谁。
In spite of these advantages, however, there are also some challenges you will encounter. 但是， 尽管有这些优势，你还是会遇到一些挑战。
obstacle n.
[C] sth. that makes it difficult to achieve sth. 障碍；阻碍；妨碍
At last, they overcame all the obstacles and their firm was very successful. 最后他们终于克服了一切困难，他们的公司获得了巨大成功。
Some people might have difficulty accepting the idea, but this should not be an obstacle for putting it into practice. 有些人可能难以接受这种想法，但这不应成为实施它的障碍。
collective a.
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(only before noun) shared or made by every member of a group or society 集体的；共同的；共有的
Team sports can cultivate people’s team spirit and sense of collective honor. 团体体育项目能够培养人们的团队精神和集体荣誉感。
collectively ad.
as a group 集体地；共同地
We as a society must collectively establish a norm for behavior that is observed by every person. 作为一个社会，我们必须共同建立起一种人人都要遵守的行为规范。
claim vt.
state that sth. is true, even though it has not been proved 声称；断言；主张
Most political officials claim that their policies will benefit large sections of the population. 大多数政客都声称他们的政策将使大多数人受益。 n.
[C] a statement that sth. is true, even though it has not been proved 声称；断言；主张
This discovery seems to prove the claim that this South American civilization had certain relations with old Chinese culture. 该发现似乎证实了这一南美文明与古老的中国文化有着某些联的说法。
endur e vt.
be in a difficult or painful situation for a long time without complaining 忍耐；忍受
Dreams of a beautiful life make it easier for a person to endure difficulties. 对美好生活的向往能让人更容易忍受艰难。
bulge vi.
stick out in a rounded shape, esp. because sth. is full or too tight 鼓起；胀出
He left the building as usual, his bulging briefcase under his arm. 他像往常一样离开大楼，夹着他那个鼓鼓囊囊的公文包。 n.
[C] a curved mass on the surface of sth., usu. caused by sth. under or inside it 凸起；鼓起部分She had swellings in both her ears and a bulge the size of an egg on her right temple. 她的两耳都有肿块，并且右边太阳穴上鼓起一个鸡蛋大的包。
tutor n. [C]
1 sb. who gives private lessons to one student or a small group, and is paid directly by them 家庭教师；私人教师
2 a teacher in a college or university （学院或大学里的）导师，助教
startle vt.
make sb. suddenly surprised or slightly shocked 使（某人）吃惊；吓（某人）一跳
The sudden noise in the bushes startled her horse. 灌木丛中突然发出的响声惊了她的马。
startled a.
suddenly frightened or surprised by sth. 受到惊吓的；吓了一跳的；吃惊的
He was so startled by the sudden bang that he did nothing for a moment. 他被突如其来的“砰”的一声响吓了一大跳，愣了片刻。
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necessity n.
1 [C] sth. that you need to have in order to live 必需品
Food, clothing, and shelter are all basic necessities of life. 食物、衣服和住房都是基本的生活必需品。
2 [U] a process, thing, or action that is needed in a situation 必要；必要性
The report stresses the necessity of eating plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables. 该报告强调了多吃新鲜水果和蔬菜的必要性。
luxury n.
1 [C] sth. expensive that you do not need, but you buy for pleasure and enjoyment 奢侈品
He can’t afford the basics of life, let alone luxuries. 他没有足够的钱来满足日常的生活需求，更不用说购买奢侈品了。
2 [U] very great comfort and pleasure, such as you get from expensive food, beautiful houses, cars, etc. 奢华；奢侈
Everyone in the neighborhood envied Bob’s expensive new luxury car and wanted one just like it. 邻居们人人都羡慕鲍勃那辆价值不菲的豪华新车，都想要一辆那样的车。
glimpse n.
[C] a quick look at sb. or sth. that does not allow you to see them clearly 一瞥；飞快的一看
I only caught a glimpse of the woman, so I couldn’t remember what she looked like. 我只瞥了那女人一眼，所以记不起她长什么样了。
prioritize v.
decide in what order you should do things, based on how important or urgent they are 确定优先次序；分清主次
You need to learn how to prioritize your work when you are given many tasks to accomplish. 当你有许多任务要完成时，你要学会如何按照轻重缓急来安排工作。
aware a.
(not before noun) knowing about a situation or a fact 意识到的；知道的
I am aware of the risks involved in the project, but I am willing to take them. 我知道这个项目所附带的风险，但是我愿意冒险。
I suddenly became aware that he was looking at me – actually he was staring at me. 我突然意识到他在看着我——实际上他是在瞪着我。
influential a.
having a lot of influence and therefore changing the way people think and behave 有影响力的As a public relations officer, he is said to have known some very influential people. 作为负责公共关系的官员，据说他认识一些很有影响力的人士。
illustrate vt.
1 be an example which shows that sth. is true or that a fact exists （作为例证）说明（事实） These pictures illustrate how rocks are formed. 这些照片说明了岩石是如何形成的。
2 show sth. by using pictures, diagrams, lists of numbers, etc. （用图片、图表、一连串数字等）说明，阐明
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The author gives us some diagrams to illustrate the production process. 作者提供了一些图表来说明生产过程。
cite vt.(fml.)
1 mention sth. as an example, esp. one that supports, proves, or explains an idea or situation 引证；援引
The melting of the polar ice caps and the rise in the sea level are only the most commonly cited effects of climate change. 两极冰盖的融化以及海平面的上升只是最常被提及的气候变化所带来的后果。
2 give the exact words of sth. that has been written, esp. in order to support an opinion or prove an idea 引用；引述
The saying “Where there is a will there is a way” is frequently cited to encourage young people. 人们经常引用“有志者事竟成”这句话来鼓励年轻人。
dropout n.
[C] sb. who leaves school or college before they have finished 辍学者；退学者
Bill Gates and Steve Jobs are probably the most famous dropouts. 比尔•盖茨和史蒂夫•乔布斯可能是最有名的辍学者。
evidence n.
[U] facts or signs that show clearly that sth. exists or is true 证据；证明
A jury is supposed to weigh the evidence in a case fairly and objectively. 评审团应当公正、客观地对案子中的证据进行考量。
exhaust vt.
1 use all of sth. 用完；耗尽
The expedition soon exhausted its supplies and a small group was sent to search for food. 探险队很快就耗尽了供给，于是就派了一小队人去寻找食物。
We are in danger of exhausting the world’s oil supply. 我们正处在耗尽石油供应的危险之中。 2 make sb. feel extremely tired 使筋疲力尽
Caring for young children can exhaust you physically and mentally. 照顾小孩子会让你感到身心疲惫。
abuse n.
[C, U] the use of sth. in a way that it should not be used 滥用
Drug trafficking and drug abuse are truly the causes of many crimes. 非法买卖和滥用毒品实际上是众多犯罪事件的根源所在。 vt.
1 treat sb. in a cruel and violent way 虐待；凌辱
The little boy had been abused by his stepfather until one day he ran away from home. 那个小男孩一直受到继父的虐待，直到有一天他从家里逃了出来。
2 deliberately use sth. for the wrong purpose or for your own advantage 滥用；妄用
These powers, if abused, could turn him into a dictator. 这些权力一旦被滥用就会使他变成一个独裁者。
authentic a.
1 based on facts 可靠的；真实的
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His travel log gives an authentic account of life in the desert. 他的旅行日志提供了对沙漠生活的真实描述。
2 done or made in the traditional or original way 正宗的；原汁原味的
Authentic Beijing roast duck is most popular with tourists when they visit Beijing. 到北京旅游的游客们最喜欢正宗的北京烤鸭。
stress n.
[C, U] continuous feelings of worry about your work or personal life, that prevent you from relaxing 压力；忧虑；紧张
Jeff is having trouble dealing with the emotional stress of losing his job. 担心失去工作的精神压力让杰夫感到难以招架。 vt.
emphasize a statement, fact, or idea 强调；着重
Police have stressed that this is the most accurate description of the killer to date. 警方强调这是目前为止对凶手最准确的描述。
tension n.
[U] a nervous worried feeling that makes it impossible for you to relax 紧张；焦虑；焦急
She argued that smoking was a way of releasing the tension of her life. 她争辩说，抽烟是她用来释放生活压力的一种方式。
relieve vt.
1 make a problem less difficult or serious 减轻，缓和，缓解（问题的难度或严重性）
The government has agreed to provide $10 million of food aid to help relieve the famine. 政府已同意提供一千万美元的食品救助，用以缓解饥荒。
2 reduce sb.’s pain or unpleasant feelings 减轻，缓和，缓解（疼痛或不快的感觉）
Jerry was seriously ill and he was given a shot to relieve the pain. 杰里病得很重。他打了一针以减轻疼痛。
burden n.
[C] sth. difficult or worrying that you are responsible for 重担；负担
His business collapsed under a massive burden of debts. 在巨额债务的重压之下，他的公司垮了。
convince vt.
make sb. feel certain that sth. is true 使确信；使信服
They argued heatedly, but neither could convince the other. 他们争论得很激烈, 但是谁也说服不了谁。
Her smile convinced him that she was happy. 她的微笑使他确信她是快乐的。
convinced a.
(not before noun) feeling certain that sth. is true 确信的；信服的
We are convinced that these differences can be overcome sooner or later. 我们相信这些分歧迟早会消除的。
ensure vt.
make certain that sth. will happen properly 确保；保证
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My responsibility is to ensure that no students cheat on the exam. 我的职责就是确保考试中没有学生作弊。
We should ensure freedom against tyranny. 我们应该反对暴政，维护自由。
responsible a.
1(not before noun) having a duty to be in charge of or to look after sb. or sth.负责的
Both parents are responsible for the wellbeing of their child. 父母双方对孩子的健康成长负有共同责任。
2 sensible and able to make good judgment so that you can be trusted 有责任心的；可靠的；可信赖的
What we’re trying to do is to educate young people to be responsible citizens. 我们正努力教育年轻人成为有责任心的公民。
formal a.
1 (of education or training) obtained from studying rather than from working at a job （教育或培训）正规的
His formal education was a less significant factor in his work than practical experience. 在他的工作中，他接受的正规教育不如他的实践经验来得重要。
2 (usu. before noun) made or done officially or publicly 官方的；正式的
It is a matter of convention that a man usually wears suits on formal occasions. 在正式场合男性通常要穿西装，这是一个传统习惯问题。
advanced a.
1 at a high academic level 高级的；高等的
I don’t like physics, so I won’t take advanced physics this semester. 我不喜欢物理，所以我这个学期不打算选高等物理这门课。
2 based on the most recent methods or ideas 先进的
These companies, equipped with advanced technology and equipment, can broadcast their signals from satellites. 这些公司拥有先进的技术和设备，能够通过卫星传播他们的信号。
singular a.
1 noticeable because of being strange or unusual 奇异的；异常的
He bought the old building and turned it into a singular and amusing museum. 他买下了那幢旧楼，把它改造成了一个独特的、有趣的博物馆。 2 单数的；单数形式的
financial a.
relating to money or the management of money 财政的；金融的；财务的
There are several financial problems that need to be straightened out quickly. 有好几个财务问题急待解决。 furthermore ad.
(fml.) in addition to what has already been said 此外；而且；不仅如此
The house isn’t big enough for us, and furthermore, it’s too far from the town center. 这个房子不够大，而且离市中心太远。
readily ad.
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1 quickly, willingly, and without complaining 乐意地；爽快地
I asked her if she would allow me to interview her, and she readily agreed. 我问她是否允许我采访她，她欣然同意了。
2 quickly and easily 快速地；便利地
Meat and fish contain iron that can be readily absorbed by the body. 肉类和鱼类含有易被人体吸收的铁。
concede v.
admit that sth. is true or correct, although you wish it were not true （不得不）承认
The government has conceded that the new tax policy was a failure. 政府已经承认新的税收政策是失败之举。
mature vi.
1 become sensible and start to behave sensibly and reasonably, like an adult 变理智；（举止）变成熟
He has really matured a lot since he graduated from college. 自从大学毕业后，他真的成熟了很多。
2 become fully grown or developed 成熟；长成
As the fish matures, its colors and patternings change. 这种鱼随着发育成熟，其颜色和斑纹都会发生改变。 a.
behaving in a sensible and reasonable way, as you would expect an adult to behave 成熟的；理智的；明白事理的
She is over 18 and we believe that she can make a mature and rational decision for her own future. 她已经过了 18 岁，我们相信她能够为自己的未来作出成熟而理性的决定。 Phrases and expressions
be in the/a minority
form less than half of a group 占少数
Their party is only in the minority on the local council. 在地方议会里他们的政党只占少数。
as for
used for introducing a subject that is related to what you have just been talking about 关于；至于As for salary, some workers could be looking at $100,000 or more a year. 至于工资，有些工人期望年薪 10 万美元或更多。
Kitty is going to Canada for the winter vacation. As for me, I don’t have a plan yet. 基蒂寒假要去加拿大。至于我嘛，还没什么计划。
a matter of (doing) sth.
a situation that involves sth. or depends on sth. 关乎…的事情
Reducing cheating on campus is not just a matter of giving severe punishments. 要减少校园作弊现象不单是给予严厉惩罚的问题。
look back
think about a time or event in the past 回忆起；回顾
I always look back on those happy days I spent at college. 我总是回忆起在大学里度过的那些快乐的日子。
feel sorry for oneself
feel sad about one’s life rather than trying to do things that could make one feel better 自我怜悯
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be envio us of
be wanting sth. that sb. else has 妒忌的；羡慕的
He repeatedly told his son not to be envious of others’ good fortune. 他反复跟儿子说，不要羡慕别人的好运气。
catch/get/have a glimpse of
have a quick look at sb. or sth. for a moment only 一瞥；飞快地一看
I caught a glimpse of the taxi; then it disappeared around the corner of the street.我只看到那辆出租车一眼，然后它就在街角处消失了。
relieve sb. of sth.
(fml.) help sb. by taking sth. from them, esp. a job they do not want to do or sth. heavy that they are carrying 解除某人的负担
Doing yoga daily will relieve you of stress without taking medication. 每天做瑜伽可以使你不借助药物而消除紧张。
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