(NEW)江西师范大学外国语学院《716综合英语》历年考研真题及详解

2014年江西师范大学外国语学院716综合英语考研真题及详解2015年江西师范大学外国语学院716综合英语考研真题及详解2017年江西师范大学外国语学院716综合英语考研真题及详解2018年江西师范大学外国语学院716综合英语考研真题及详解

2014年江西师范大学外国语学院716综合英语考研真题及详解

Ⅰ. Vocabulary (20×1 points)

There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there arefour choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes thesentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.

1. The troops ______ the city, killing and injuring hundreds.A. advertedB. bombardedC. sprintedD. interlocked【答案】B

【解析】句意：轰炸了这座城市，造成数百人伤亡。bombard轰炸，炮击。advert注意；谈到。sprint冲刺，快速跑。interlock连锁，连结。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

2. “Senior citizen” is a(n) ______ for “old person”.

A. mythologyB. onsetC. euphemismD. pal【答案】C

【解析】句意：“老年公民”是“老人”的委婉语。euphemism委婉语。mythology神话。onset开始；攻击。pal伙伴，朋友。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

3. We’re at a critical ______ in terms of his domestic program.A. jigB. martinC. martiniD. juncture【答案】D

【解析】句意：就他的国内计划而言，我们正处于一个紧要的关口。juncture特定时刻，关头。jig夹具，吉格舞。martin紫崖燕。martini马提尼（鸡尾酒）。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

4. If he wins this race, it will ______ for his recent string of defeats.A. ameliorateB. atoneC. asperseD. ascertain【答案】B

【解析】句意：如果他赢得这场比赛，这将会弥补他最近一连串的失败。atone弥补，赎罪。ameliorate改善，减轻。asperse诽谤。ascertain确定，查明。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

5. If you ______, you suddenly shout something, for example because youare very surprised.A. betokenB. chideC. assayD. ejaculate【答案】D

【解析】句意：如果你突然大喊，往往是因为你感到很惊讶。ejaculate喊出；突然说出（尤指因惊奇）。betoken预示，表示。chide责骂。assay

化验；测定。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

6. She trimmed the ______ of the tulips before putting them in a vase.A. sprigB. spruceC. stakesD. stalksD

句意：她在把郁金香插进花瓶之前，把花茎修剪了一下。stalk（植物）茎，秆。sprig带叶小枝。spruce云杉。stake桩，棍子；赌注。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

7. Using tanks and heavy ______, they seized the town.A. artilleryB. artificeC. arteryD. artisanA

【答案】【解析】【答案】【解析】句意：他们用坦克和重炮占领了这个城镇。artillery大炮。artifice诡计，欺骗。artery动脉；干道。artisan工匠。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

8. She knew that her efforts to ______ cheerfulness weren’t convincing.A. fermentB. fendC. festerD. feint【答案】D

【解析】句意：她明白自己强颜欢笑是瞒不了谁的。feint假装的。ferment发酵；。fend照料；避开。fester溃烂；使……痛苦。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

9. He gave me an ______ either Mary have to leave, or me.

A. ulcerB. ultimatumC. underdog

D. underworld【答案】B

【解析】句意：他给我下了最后通牒：不是玛丽离开，就是我离开。ultimatum最后通牒。ulcer溃疡，腐烂。underdog失败者。underworld；地狱。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

10. My bike has had two ______ in the last 3 weeks.A. pureesB. puncturesC. pumasD. pundits【答案】B

【解析】句意：我的自行车在过去三个星期里被扎了两个洞。puncture（轮胎上刺破的）小孔，小洞。puree浓汤，果泥。puma美洲狮。pundit专家，权威。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

11. He left what little furniture he owned to his landlord in ______ of rent.A. lilacB. lesion

C. lieuD. levity【答案】C

【解析】句意：他把仅有的几件家具作为租金留给了房东。in lieu of代替。lilac淡紫色，丁香花。lesion损害。levity多变，轻浮。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

12. He went to strike her face but she ______ his hand with her arm.A. adulatedB. parriedC. harriedD. griped【答案】B

【解析】句意：他走过去打她的脸，但她用胳膊挡住了他的手。parry回避；挡开。adulate奉承；谄媚。harry（不断）烦扰；纠缠。gripe抱怨；肠胃绞痛。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

13. The ladder ______ dangerously and I nearly fell off.A. controverted

B. teeteredC. decipheredD. derogated【答案】B

【解析】句意：梯子危险地摇晃起来，我差点摔下来。teeter摇晃，摇摆。controvert否认，驳斥；争论，辩论。decipher破译；辨认。derogate毁损；贬低。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

14. Most political prisoners were freed under the terms of the ______.A. curatorB. dioceseC. amnestyD. inquest【答案】C

【解析】句意：大多数政治犯是根据大赦的条款被释放的。amnesty大赦。curator监护人；馆长。diocese教区。inquest审讯。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

15. Industrial waste is ______ the environment.

A. deflectedB. deployedC. detractedD. despoiling【答案】D

【解析】句意：工业废料正在破坏环境。despoil破坏，掠夺。deflect转向；偏斜。deploy部署；展开。detract贬低；转移。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

16. In the suburbs the spacious houses stand in ______ contrast to the slumsof the city’s poor.A. foolhardyB. furtiveC. insidiousD. stark【答案】D

【解析】句意：郊区宽敞的大房子和城里的贫民窟形成了鲜明的对比。stark极端的，赤裸的。foolhardy蛮干的，有勇无谋的。furtive鬼鬼祟祟的。insidious阴险的，狡猾的。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

17. If the dam breaks, it will ______ large parts of the town.A. inundateB. bootlegC. circumventD. gird【答案】A

【解析】句意：如果大坝决堤，它将淹没城镇的大部分地区。inundate淹没；泛滥。bootleg非法贩卖。circumvent包围；绕行。gird束缚；嘲笑。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

18. Her later writing so lacked subtlety that it almost read like a ______ ofher earlier work.A. urnB. satinC. consortiumD. parody【答案】D

【解析】句意：她后期的作品缺乏精妙之处，读起来感觉像是对她早期

作品的拙劣模仿。parody拙劣模仿。urn骨灰瓮，大茶壶。satin缎子衣服。consortium财团；联合。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

19. It is a ______ of contemporary psychology that an individual’s mentalhealth is supported by having good social networks.A. tenorB. tenetC. tensileD. tentacle【答案】B

【解析】句意：良好的社交网络有利于一个人的心理健康，这是当代心理学的原则。tenet原则，信条。tenor要旨；男高音。tensile可拉伸的。tentacle触角。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

20. The company’s sales ______ from $11 million to $160 million.A. zoomedB. doomedC. bustledD. butted

【答案】A

【解析】句意：公司的销售额从1100万美元飙升至1.6亿美元。zoom急剧增长，猛涨。doom注定。bustle喧闹；催促。butt用头顶。因此，本题的正确答案为A。Ⅱ. Cloze (20×1 points)

From childhood to old age, we all use language as a means of broadening ourknowledge of ourselves and the world about us. When humans first(21)______, they were like newborn children, unable to use this (22)______tool. Yet once language developed, the possibilities for human kinds future(23)______ and cultural growth increased.

Many linguists believe that evolution is (24)______ for our ability to produceand use language. They (25)______ that our highly evolved brain provides us(26)______ an innate language ability not found in lower (27)______.Proponents of this innateness theory say that our (28)______ for language isinborn, but that language itself develops gradually, (29)______ a function ofthe growth of the brain during childhood. Therefore there are critical(30)______ times for language development.

Current (31)______ of innateness theory are mixed, however, evidencesupporting the existence of some innate abilities is undeniable. (32)______,more and more schools are discovering that foreign languages are best taughtin (33)______ grades. Young children often can learn several languages bybeing (34)______ to them, while adults have a much harder time learninganother language once the (35)______ of their first language have become

firmly fixed.

(36)______ some aspects of language are undeniably innate, language doesnot develop automatically in a vacuum. Children who have been (37)______from other human beings do not possess language. This demonstrates that(38)______ with other human beings is necessary for proper languagedevelopment. Some linguists believe that this is even more basic to humanlanguage (39)______ than any innate capacities. These theorists viewlanguage as imitative, learned behavior. (40)______, children learn languagefrom their parents by imitating them. Parents gradually shape their child’slanguage skills by positively reinforcing precise imitations and negativelyreinforcing imprecise ones.21. A. generatedB. evolvedC. bornD. originated22. A .valuableB. appropriateC. convenientD. favorite23. A. attainments

B. feasibilityC. entertainmentsD. evolution24. A. essentialB. availableC .reliableD. responsible25. A. confirmB. informC. claimD. convince26. A. forB. fromC. ofD. with

27. A. organizationsB. organisms

C. humansD. children28. A. potentialB. performanceC. preferenceD. passion29. A.asB. just asC. likeD. unlike30. A. ideologicalB. biologicalC. socialD. psychological31. A. reviewsB. referenceC. reaction

D. recommendation32. A. In a wordB. In a senseC. IndeedD. In other words33. A. variousB. differentC. the higherD. the lower34. A. revealedB. exposedC. engagedD. involved35. A. regulationsB. formationsC. rulesD .constitutions

36. A. AlthoughB. WhetherC. SinceD. When

37. A. distinguishedB. differentC. protectedD. isolated38. A. expositionB. comparisonC. contrastD. interaction39. A. acquisitionB. appreciationC. requirementD. alternative40. A.As a result

B. After allC. In other wordsD. Above all【答案与解析】

21. B 此处意为：当人类刚刚开始进化，他们如同新生儿一样不会运用语言这种工具。evolve逐渐发展，进化。generate产生。born出生。originate起源于。

22. A 此处意为：语言并不是人类选择的结果，而是人类在进化过程中慢慢发展起来的，对人类来说，应当是珍贵的。valuable珍贵的。appropriate合适的，适当的。convenient方便的，便利的。favorite最喜欢的。

23. A 此处意为：语言的发展增加了人类未来的成就和文化进步的可能性。attainment成就。feasibility可行性。entertainment娱乐。evolution进化。

24. D 此处意为：许多语言学家认为进化使人们产生和具备了语言的能力。固定短语be responsible for对……负责。其他选项不与for搭配。25. C 根据语法分析，空格后应是一个宾语从句，而A，B，D三项后都不能接从句做直接宾语。confirm确认。inform通知。convince使某人确信。

26. D 固定搭配provide sb. with sth.“向某人提供某物”。

27. B 此处意为：我们高度发达的大脑使我们具备了其他低等动物所不

具备的语言能力。显然，这里是把人和低等动物相比较。因此选organisms“有机体，生物体”。

28. A 此处意为：人类的语言潜能是与生倶来的，但语言本身在逐渐发展。potential潜能。performance性能；绩效；表演。preference偏爱。passion激情。

29. A 此处意为：语言本身作为童年时期大脑生长的一种功能，其发展是缓慢的。as作为，符合题意。

30. B 此处意为：语言的发展有一个关键期，人体的成长是生物变化的过程。biological生物的。ideological思想上的。social社会的。psychological心理的。

31. A 此处意为：目前人们对“先天论”观点不一，但是支持某些天生能力的证据却是确凿无疑的。review评论。reference参考。reaction反应。recommendation推荐。

32. C 由31题可知，作者是倾向于先天论的，为了进一步证明先天论是有道理的，作者选择了以学校为例加以说明，因此这里应填一个表示递进关系的词indeed“甚至”。

33. D 此处意为：越来越多的学校发现在什么年级学外语较容易。根据后文的“Young children often can learn several languages by being 14 tothem, while adults …”可以选定答案。

34. B 此处意为：通过接触多种语言，孩子们可以学会好几种语言。beexposed to是固定搭配，意为“接触到”。reveal显露，而reveal sth. to sb在这里不合题意，因为本题中的them指languages。剩余选项不与to搭配。engage in从事。be involved in参与。

35. C 此处意为：一旦母语的规则被深深印入脑海中，成年人就很难再学好另一种语言。rule规则，规律。regulation规定。formation构成，构造。constitution；章程。

36. A 分析上下文的逻辑关系，从句意思是：语言的某些方面肯定是先天的。主句意思是：语言不会在与人隔绝的状况下自行发展。因此，前后应为转折关系。

37. D 此处意为：与人隔绝的儿童不能掌握好一门语言。isolated偏远的；孤立的。distinguished卓越的。different不同的。protected受到保护的。

38. D 此处总结前几句，意为：必须通过与他人交往，语言才能够发展。interaction相互作用；交流。exposition暴露。comparison比较。contrast对比。

39. A 根据分析，本句中的“this”和“even more basic”分别指代上句的“interaction with other human beings”和“necessary”，此处所填词对应上文中的language development，即language acquisition语言习得。appreciation欣赏；感激。requirement要求。alternative供替代的选择。40. C 本句是以另一种方式解释前文中的“imitative, learned behavior（模仿性的后天行为）”。in other words换言之，换句话说。as a result结果是。after all毕竟。above all首先。Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension (20×2 points)

There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some

questions. For each of them there 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. Youshould decide on the best choice and write the corresponding letter on theAnswer Sheet.

Passage 1

If you, like me, distrust school cafeterias, you pack homemade lunches foryour children, as I did until my sons finished high school. But in the rush toget youngsters up, dressed, fed and off to school on time, the safety of thatpacked lunch easily can be overlooked.

While there are no statistics on how often schoolchildren are sickened by thelunches they bring from home, it’s far better to be safe than sorry, said NancyDonley, the president of STOP FOODBORNE ILLNESS, an advocacyorganization. Ms. Donley, who lives in Chicago, knows the risks all too well.In 1993 she lost her only child, 6-year-old Alex, to one of the nastiest foodcontaminants, innocently consumed in store-bought ground meat. Rather thanretreat into a fetal position, she channeled her grief and anger into helpingothers avoid a similar tragedy.

According to the latest data from the Centers for Disease Control andPrevention, one in six Americans will be felled by food poisoning this year,with 128,000 hospitalized and 3,000 people dying as a result. Thirty-oneorganisms are known causes of 9.4 million of these illnesses, but 38.4 millionpeople will be sickened by unknown pathogens. Our extraordinarily complexfood supply, with commodities coming in year round from all over the world,has seriously challenged government efforts to keep consumers safe.

“Over the years, we’ve made progress in some areas but gone backward inothers,” Ms. Donley said in an interview. “With so many deaths and illnesseseach year from contaminated foods, there’s still a long way to go.”While organizations like hers press for stricter inspection standards from thegovernment and tighter controls from the food industry, Ms. Donley believesthat consumers also must protect themselves as best they can.

“It’s important for the public to understand there are risks in food, and it’s upto them to try to mitigate those risks,” she said. And since children are amongthe most vulnerable to severe consequences of food poisoning, it makes senseto start with the lunches they take to school.

A standard rule of food safety is to keep cold foods cold and hot foods hotuntil it is time to eat them. Temperatures between 40 degrees and 140degrees, not uncommon in packed lunches that sit in warm classrooms forhours, are ideal conditions for bacterial growth. Insulated lunch boxes canhelp keep food safer. The best box (hard-sided or soft) has an insulated liningand a pocket in which to place a thin freezer pack to help keep the contentscold until they are consumed.

What to put in those boxes? Foods like peanut butter and sliced cheese cantolerate room temperatures without spoiling, especially if insulation islacking. Also consider pantry-safe foods packed in easy-to-open containers,like tuna that can be eaten out of a flip-top can, with or without bread.Boxed milk or juice sold unrefrigerated is also a safe bet. And you can freezethese (as well as a water bottle) ahead of time and use them as cold packs; asthey defrost, they’ll keep the rest of the lunch chilled. A number of

sandwiches—for example, those made with lunch meats, tuna or egg salad—can be made the night before and frozen as well; they’ll defrost by lunchtime. If your child likes lettuce and tomato, pack them separately to be put onthe sandwich before eating. If you include cut-up vegetables, be sure they arewashed first and packed in a clean container. Dried fruits and whole fruitslike apples, bananas, oranges and grapes can round out the meal and can bekept safely at room temperature. But all fresh fruits, even those that will bepeeled, must be washed before they are put in the lunch box.

Before preparing food, wash your hands with warm water and soap for 20seconds. Counter-tops and cutting boards should be washed as well; they canbe sanitized. For the sake of convenience, I use a spray-on bleach product toclean my countertops and sink, and I wash everything that comes into contactwith raw animal products immediately after use. Of course, any surface,utensil or hand that comes into contact with raw meat, poultry, fish or eggsmust always be thoroughly cleaned before being used for other foods,including those same foods after they are cooked.

Ideally, children should wash up before lunch, but that may not happen whenthey have only 15 to 20 minutes to eat. Alternatively, put a pocket-size handsanitizer or moistened antibacterial towelette in the lunch box and instructthem to use it before they eat.

From The New York Times, August 29, 2011

41. According to the author, the safety of homemade lunches ______.A. is obviously ensured

B. can be easily ignored

C. is no better than food in school cafeteriasD. is known to all the people

42. Some parties are mentioned in the article in terms of taking responsibilityof mitigating the food poisoning EXCEPT ______.A. the governmentB. the food industryC. the pressD. consumers

43. In order to ensure food safety you should ______.A. keep packed lunches between 40 degrees and 140 degreesB. keep cold foods cold and hot foods hot

C. put the food in lunch boxes with a soft lining and a pocketD. keep the lunch boxes in warm classrooms44. ______ can perfect the meal.A. Peanut butter or sliced cheeseB. Boxed milk or juiceC. Tuna or egg salad

D. Dried fruits and whole fruits

45. If there is not enough time to have lunch, children can wash up by using______.

A. a spray-on bleach productB. warm waterC. soap

D. a pocket-size hand sanitizer【答案与解析】

41. B 本题为细节题。根据题干，我们可以参考文章第一段的第二句“But in the rush to get youngsters up, dressed, fed and off to school ontime, the safety of that packed lunch easily can be overlooked.”人们常常对学校食堂提供的食物抱有不信任的态度，但是早上为了帮助孩子起床、穿衣、吃饭并准时出发去学校，时间会非常匆忙，以至于会忽视所准备的午饭的安全性。因此答案为B。

42. C 本题为细节题。由文章第五段的第一句“While organizations likehers press for stricter inspection standards from the government and tightercontrols from the food industry, Ms. Donley believes that consumers alsomust protect themselves as best they can.”这段话中提到需要对食物安全进行监督的方面有、食品行业以及消费者自身，并没有提到媒体，所以应该选择C。

43. B 本题为细节题。文章第七段第一句话告诉我们“A standard rule of

food safety is to keep cold foods cold and hot foods hot.”，因此选项B正确。本段还提出不要把食物保持在40～140摄氏度之间，因为此温度有利于细菌的滋生，因此选项A和D错误。同时本段还提到了有隔热作用的午餐盒（“Insulated lunch boxes can help keep food safer.”），并且文章还指出，最好带有隔热衬里和一个可以放置轻薄冷冻包装的小袋子，因此选项C错误。

44. D 本题为细节题。文章第八段中提到选项A（foods like peanut butterand sliced cheese）可以放在常温下；第九段提到选项B（boxed milk orjuice sold unrefrigerated）也是一个安全的选择，你也可以提前冷藏一下，那么当解冻的时候，正好也可以冷却其他的午餐。这一段还提到了选项C（tuna or egg salad）可以前一天晚上准备并冷藏起来。同时还可以吃一些水果，使午餐更加完美，当然水果可以放在常温下。综上所述答案为D。

45. D 本题为细节题。先分析一下四个选项：选项A“喷雾漂白产品”可以用来清洗厨房的工作台面和洗涤槽（“I use a spray-on bleach product toclean my countertops and sink.”）；选项B“温水”和C项“肥皂”是在准备食物之前用来洗手的；选项D“口袋大小的洗手液”是在没有太多时间吃午饭时，为方便起见用来洗手的。因此答案为D。

Passage Two

Biologically, there is only one quality which distinguishes us from animals:the ability to laugh. In a universe which appears to be utterly devoid ofhumor, we enjoy this supreme luxury. And it is a luxury, for unlike any otherbodily process, laughter does not seem to serve a biologically useful purpose.

In a divide world, laughter is a unifying force. Human beings oppose eachother on a great many issues. Nations may disagree about systems ofgovernment and human relations may be plagued by ideological factions andpolitical camps, but we all share the ability to laugh. And laughter, in turn,depends on that most complex and subtle of all human qualities: a sense ofhumor. Certain comic stereotypes have a universal appeal. This can best beseen from the world-wide popularity of Charlie Chaplin’s early films. Thelittle man at odds with society never fails to amuse no matter which countrywe come from. As that great commentator on human affairs, Dr. SamuelJohnson, once remarked, “Men have been wise in very different modes; butthey have always laughed in the same way.”

A sense of humor may take various forms and laughter may be anything froma refined tingle to an earth quaking roar, but the effect is always the same.Humor helps us to maintain a correct sense of values. It is the one qualitywhich political fanatics appear to lack. If we can see the funny side, we nevermake the mistake of taking ourselves too seriously. We are always remindedthat tragedy is not really far removed from comedy, so we never get a lopsided view of things.

This is one of the chief functions of satire and irony. Human pain andsuffering are so grim; we hover so often on the brink of war; political realitiesare usually enough to plunge us into total despair. In such circumstances,cartoons and satirical accounts of somber political events redress the balance.They take the wind out of pompous and arrogant politicians who have losttheir sense of proportion. They enable us to see that many of our mostprofound actions are merely comic or absurd. We laugh when a great satirist

like Swift writes about war in Gulliver’s Travels. The Lilliputians and theirneighbors attack each other because they can’t agree which end to break anegg. We laugh because we meant to laugh; but we are meant to weep too. It istoo powerful a weapon to be allowed to flourish.

The sense of humor must be singled out as man’s most important qualitybecause it is associated with laughter. And laughter, in turn, is associatedwith happiness. Courage, determination, initiative- these are qualities weshare with other forms of life. But the sense of humor is uniquely human. Ifhappiness is one of the great goals of life, then it is the sense of humor thatprovides the key.

46. The most important of all human qualities is ______[A] a sense of humor.[B] a sense of satire.[C] a sense of laughter.[D] a sense of history.

47. The author mentions about Charlie Chaplin’s early films because ______[A] they can amuse people.

[B] human beings are different from animals.

[C] they show that certain comic stereotypes have a universal appeal.[D] they show that people have the same ability to laugh.

48. One of the chief functions of irony and satire is ______[A] to show absurdity of actions.[B] to redress balance.

[C] to take the wind out of politicians.[D] to show too much grimness in the world.

49. What do we learn from the sentence “it is too powerful a weapon to beallowed to flourish in totalitarian regimes?”

[A] It can reveal the truth of political events with satire.[B] It can arouse people to riot.

[C] It shows tragedy and comedy are related.[D] It can make people laugh.50. Who is Swift?[A] A novelist.[B] A poet.[C] A dramatist.[D] An essayist.【答案与解析】

46. A 文章一开始就提出人类之所以区别于动物是因为人有笑的功能，

笑是基于人类最复杂而又微妙的品质――幽默感，这是人类所独有的。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

47. C 作者提卓别林电影的目的是证明某些喜剧模式对全世界都有吸引力，即C选项。A选项“它可以取悦任何人”；B选项“人类和动物不同”；D选项“证明人有同样笑的功能。”

48. B B选项意为“使各种事情重新相等和均衡”。第三段着重讲了这一点：人类在痛苦中挣扎，政治实现令人绝望，在这种处境中，对某些政治事物的讽刺挖苦和漫画可以使各种心理重新平衡，可使失去均衡感的政客低下高傲头颅；可使我看见许多深邃的事情荒谬可笑。A选项“表现行为的荒唐”；C选项“使政治家气馁”；D选项“表现世界上太多的令人沮丧之事。”

49. A 由题干定位到倒数第二段的最后一句，结合本段内容可知，A选项“它可以以讽刺的手法解释政治时间的”正是对这句话的同义改写。B选项“这可促使人民”；C选项“它表示了悲剧和喜剧相联系”；D选项“它能令人哭”。

50. A 由倒数第二段的“We laugh when a great satirist like Swift writesabout war in Gulliver’s Travels”可知，斯威夫特是《格列佛游记》的作者，因此答案为novelist（小说家）。

Passage Three

Can electricity cause cancer? In a society that literally runs on electric power,the very idea seems preposterous. But for more than a decade, a growingband of scientists and journalists has pointed to studies that seem to link

exposure to electro-magnetic fields with increased risk of leukemia and othermalignancies. The implications are unsettling, to say the least, since everyonecomes into contact with such fields, which are generated by everythingelectrical, from power line sand antennas to personal computers and micro-wave ovens. Because evidence on the subject is inconclusive and oftencontradictory, it has been hard to decide whether concern about the healtheffects of electricity is legitimate—or the worst kind of paranoia.Now the alarmists have gained some qualified support from the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency. In the executive summary of a newscientific review, released in draft form late last week, the EPA has putforward what amounts to the most serious government warning to date. Theagency tentatively concludes that scientific evidence “suggests a casual link”between extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields—those having verylong wave-lengths—and leukemia, lymphoma and brain cancer, While thereport falls short of classifying ELF fields as probable carcinogens, it doesidentify the common 60-hertz magnetic field as “a possible, but not proven,cause of cancer in humans.”

The report is no reason to panic—or even to lost sleep. If there is a cancerrisk, it is a small one. The evidence is still so controversial that the draftstirred a great deal of debate within the Bush Administration, and the EPAreleased it over strong objections from the Pentagon and the White House.But now no one can deny that the issue must be taken seriously and thatmuch more research is needed.

At the heart of the debate is a simple and well-understood physical

phenomenon: When an electric current passes through a wire, it generates an

electromagnetic field that exerts forces on surrounding objects. For manyyears, scientists dismissed any suggestion that such forces might be harmful,primarily because they are so extraordinarily weak. The ELF magnetic fieldgenerated by a video terminal measures only a few milligauss, or about one-hundredth the strength of the earth’s own magnetic field. The electric fieldssurrounding a power line can be as high as 10 kilovolts per meter, but thecorresponding field induced in human cells will be only about 1 millivolt permeter. This is far less than the electric fields that the cells themselvesgenerate.

How could such minuscule forces pose a health danger? The consensus usedto be that they could not, and for decades scientists concentrated on morepowerful kinds of radiation, like X-rays, that pack sufficient wallop to knockelectrons out of the molecules that make up the human body. Such “ionizing”radiations have been clearly linked to increased cancer risks and there areregulations to control emissions.

But epidemiological studies, which find statistical associations between setsof data, do not prove cause and effect. Though there is a body of laboratorywork showing that exposure to ELF fields can have biological effects onanimal tissues, a mechanism by which those effects could lead to cancerousgrowths has never been found.

The Pentagon is for from persuaded. In a blistering 33-page critique of theEPA report, Air Force scientists charge its authors with having “biased theentire document” toward proving a link. “Our reviewers are convinced thatthere is no suggestion that (electromagnetic fields) present in the environmentinduce or promote cancer,” the Air Force concludes. “It is astonishing that

the EPA would lend its imprimatur on this report.” Then Pentagon’s concernis understandable. There is hardly a unit of the modern military that does notdepend on the heavy use of some kind of electronic equipment, from hugeground-based radar towers to the defense systems built into every warshipand plane.

51. The main idea of this passage is ______[A] studies on the cause of cancer.

[B] controversial view-points in the cause of cancer.[C] the relationship between electricity and cancer.[D] different ideas about the effect of electricity on caner.52. The view-point of the EPA is ______

[A] there is casual link between electricity and cancer.[B] electricity really affects cancer.[C] controversial.

[D] low frequency electromagnetic field is a possible cause of cancer53. Why did the Pentagon and White House object to the release of thereport? Because ______.

[A] it may stir a great deal of debate among the Bush Administration.[B] every unit of the modem military has depended on the heavy use of some

kind of electronic equipment.

[C] the Pentagon’s concern was understandable.[D] they had different arguments.

. It can be inferred from physical phenomenon ______

[A] the force of the electromagnetic field is too weak to be harmful.[B] the force of the electromagnetic field is weaker than the electric field thatthe cells generate.

[C] electromagnetic field may affect health.

[D] only more powerful radiation can knock electron out of human body.55. What do you think ordinary citizens may do after reading the differentarguments?

[A] They are indifferent.[B] They are worried very much.[C] The may exercise prudent avoidance.[D] They are shocked.【答案与解析】

51. D 文章一开始就提出了“电会致癌吗？”这个问题。十多年来，一大批科学家和新闻界人士都指出：研究结果似乎表明，接触电磁场可能会增加患白血病和其他恶性肿瘤的危险性。所以说到目前为止还难以确定

电力对健康的影响究竟是理性的，还是杞人忧天。因此，本题的正确答案为D，即“电力对癌症影响的不同观点”。A，B这两项根本不对，和文中电力毫无关系。而C选项表示“电力和癌症的关系”，文中涉及的只是电力究竟会不会致癌的两种不同观点，而不是两者的关系。52. A 根据文章第二段第三句“The agency tentatively concludes thatscientific evidence ‘suggests a casual link’ between extremely low-frequencyelectromagnetic fields—those having very long wave-lengths—and leukemia,lymphoma and brain cancer,”环保署目前的结论是据科学证据指出极低频电磁场——具有长波的电磁场——和白血病，淋巴瘤及脑癌之间有着难以确定的联系。因此答案为A“电和致癌有一定难以确定的关系”。53. B B选项意为“现代军事的任何部门都一直依赖于大量应用电子设备。”五角大楼和白宫之所以反对环保署公布报告的理由就在此。空军方面的专家之所以说环保署方面的报告“歪曲了整个文件以证明两者之间的关系”也在于此。A选项表示“报告会在布什内引起大规模的辩论”，这是结果。C选项表示“五角大楼的关注是可以理解的”，这不是原因。D选项表示“他们有不同的观点”。

. A 答案在文章第四段的二、三句，即“当电流通过电缆，产生磁场，对周围物体产生(影响)力。许多年来，科学家把任何有关这些力可能有害的想法置于一边(不予考虑)，主要是因为它们(所产生的力)非常弱。”因此，答案为A“磁场力太弱不会产生有害作用”。

55. C A选项“漠不关心”可以直接排除，因为这样会直接影响人的性命。B，D这两项也都不可能，因为这个问题还在争议之中，唯一的途径只能是尽量避开和电器接触。因此答案为C。

Passage Four

Greece, economically, is in the black. With very little to export other thansuch farm products as tobacco, cotton and fruit, the country earns enoughfrom “invisible earnings” to pay for its needed, growing imports. From thesending out of things the Greeks, earn only $285 million; from tourism,shipping and the remittances of Greeks abroad, the country takes in anadditional $375 million and this washes out the almost $400 million by whichimports exceed exports.

It has a balanced budget. Although more than one drachma out of four goesfor defense, the government ended a recent year with a slight surplus—$66million. Greece has a decent reserve of almost a third of a billion dollars ingold and foreign exchange. It has a government not dependent on coalescingincompatible parties to obtain parliamentary majorities.

In thus summarizing a few happy highlights, I don’t mean to minimize thevast extent of Greece’s problems. It is the poorest country by a wide marginin Free Europe, and poverty is widespread. At best an annual income of $60to $70 is the lot of many a peasant, and substantial unemployment plaguesthe countryside, cities, and towns of Greece. There are few natural resourceson which to build any substantial industrial base. Some years ago I wrotehere:

“Greek statesmanship will have to create an atmosphere in which home andforeign savings will willingly seek investment opportunities in the back wardeconomy of Greece. So far, most American and other foreign attempt havebogged down in the Greek government’s red tape and shrewdness about

small points.”

Great strides have been made. As far back as 1956, expanding tourismseemed a logical way to bring needed foreign currencies and additional jobsto Greece. At that time I talked with the Hilton Hotel people, who had beenexamining hotel possibilities, and to the Greek government divisionresponsible for this area of the economy. They were hopelessly deadlocked inalmost total differences of opinion and outlook.

Today most of the incredibly varied, beautiful, historical sights of Greecehave new, if in many cases modest, tourist facilities. Tourism itself hasjumped from approximately $31 million to over $90 million. There is both amagnificent new Hilton Hotel in Athens and a completely modernized,greatly expanded Grande Bretagne, as well as other first-rate new hotels. Andthe advent of jets has made Athens as accessible as Paris or Rome—withoutthe sky-high prices of traffic-choked streets of either.

56. The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is ______[A] Greek Income and Expenditures.

[B] The Improving Economic Situation in Greece.[C] The Value of Tourism.[D] Military Expenditures.

57. Many peasants earn less than ______[A] $60 a week.

[B] $2 a week.[C] $1 a day.[D] $10 a month.

58. The Greek Government spends ______[A] more than 25% of its budget on military terms.[B] more than its collects.

[C] a third of a billion dollars in gold.

[D] less than 25% of its budget on military terms.59. According to the passage, Greece has ______[A] a dictatorship.[B] a monarchy.

[C] a single majority party.[D] too much red tape.

60. Greece imports annually goods and materials ______[A] totaling almost $700 million.[B] that balance exports.[C] that are paid by tourists.

[D] costing $66 million.【答案与解析】

56. B 文章一开始就提出希腊的出口除了农产品之外，没有别的收入，加上无形资产，国家收入也不多。随后第三段指出，希腊是自由欧洲最穷的国家，并对此进行举例说明。第四段指出希腊开始开拓旅游业。第五段提出今天惊人的变化，旅游业收入可观。因此，文章是围绕“希腊经济形式的改善”这一中心而写。

57. B 由文章第三段的第三句“At best an annual income of $60 to $70 isthe lot of many a peasant, and substantial unemployment plagues thecountryside, cities, and towns of Greece.”可知，最佳情况下，年收入为60至70美元是大多数农民的份额。所以B项最接近年收入的实际情况。58. A 由文章第二段的第二句可知：虽然四分之一的钱用于国防，最终还稍有结余――6600万美元。因此，收入的25%以上用于军事，答案为A。

59. C 由文章第二段的最后一句可知：希腊的不依靠水火不容的政党之间的合作来取得议会的多数席位。这说明是希腊是单一大党，答案为C。

60. A 文章第一段中提到：希腊出口商品价值2亿8500万美元，而进口超过出口4亿美元。所以进口为6亿8500万美元，相当于7亿美元左右。因此答案为A。Ⅳ. Translation

1. Translate the following into English: (20 points)

比“文明”这个词还用得更不确切、更加无拘无束的词简直寥寥无几。文明是什么意思？它意指一个建立在平民百姓基础上的社会。它意味着暴力、武士和暴君的统治、战争冲突、为立法议会所取代，被法律得以长期维护的法庭所代替。这就是文明，在文明的土壤里，自由、舒适和文化不断发展壮大。如果文明在任何一个国家里占了支配地位，那么便可给人民群众提供一种更加宽松的较为平静的生活，过去的传统则受人珍重，英明伟人或勇士们留给我们的遗产则成为咱们大家共同享用的丰富的财产。【参考译文】

There are few words which are used more loosely than the word

“civilization”. What does it mean? It means a society based upon the opinionof civilians. It means that violence, the rule of warriors and despotic chiefs,the conditions of camps and warfare, of riot and tyranny, give place toparliaments where laws are made, and independent courts of justice in whichover long periods those laws are maintained. That is Civilization—and in itssoil grow continually freedom, comfort and culture. When Civilization reignsin any country: a wider and less harassed life is afforded to the masses of thepeople, the traditions of the past are cherished, and the inheritancebequeathed to us by former wise or valiant men becomes a rich estate to beenjoyed and used by all.

2. Translate the following into Chinese: (20 points)

The old lady had always been proud of the great rose-tree in her garden, and

was fond of telling how it had grown from a cutting she had brought yearsbefore from Italy, when she was first married. She and her husband had beentravelling back in their carriage from Rome (it was before the time ofrailways) and on a bad piece of road south of Siena they had broken down,and had been forced to pass the night in a little house by the road-side. Theaccommodation was wretched of course; she had spent a sleepless night, andrising early had stood, wrapped up, at her window, with the cool air blowingon her face, to watch the dawn. She could still, after all these years,remember the blue mountains with the bright moon above them, and how afar-off town on one of the peaks had gradually grown whiter and whiter, tillthe moon faded, the mountains were touched with the pink of the rising sun,and suddenly the town was lit as by an illumination, one window afteranother catching and reflecting the sun’s beam, till at last the whole little citytwinkled and sparkled up in the sky like a nest of stars.【参考译文】

老太太总以自家花园里那棵高大的玫瑰树为荣。她非常喜欢告诉别人，那枝数年前她初次结婚时从罗马带回来的枝条，是如何长成如今这般高大的。那时，她与丈夫乘马车从罗马旅行归来(那时还没有火车)，途经锡耶那南部的崎岖路段时，马车坏了，他们被迫就宿于路边的小屋里。当然，住宿条件非常差；她一夜未能安眠，一早便起身穿好衣服，立于窗前，感受着扑面而来的席席凉风，等待着黎明的到来。事隔多年，她仍然记得那时的情景：明月高悬在青山群峦之上。远处山峰上的小镇逐渐明亮起来，月亮慢慢消退，晨曦把群山涂得粉红。突然之间，一束阳光照亮了城镇。城里的窗户相继明亮起来，反射出耀眼的光芒。最后，整个小城宛若繁星，在天空中不停闪烁。

Ⅴ. Writing: (30 points)

Write a composition of about 300 words on the following expression:Should Universities Charge High Tuition Fees?【参考范文】

Great changes have taken place since the reform and opening policy,especially the rapid growth of economy. The average of Chinese salaries hasbeen rising, so it is the expenditure of life. Nowadays, universities chargehigher tuition fees because of the rapid growth of GDP. Some people supportthe high tuition fees because schools need funds to better develop, whileothers think it’s inappropriate to charge higher tuition fees because noteveryone can afford them. As far as I am concerned, universities shouldcharge reasonable fees so that excellent students can enjoy the advancededucation in China.

For one thing, the higher fees can be great burden to the wage earnersfamilies. A college student will need 6000 RMB each year on average. It isnot easy for a wage earner family to save such a large sum of money. What’sworse, some of the students even borrow money from banks because theirfamilies can’t afford it.

For another, facing the higher tuition fees, some students will give up thechance to be admitted into universities. As we all know, education is the onlyway for poor students to change their fate. But the high tuition fees woulddeprive their rights of education. According to the survey, half of the studentscoming from remote areas have comparative lower income. The higher fees

will be no problem for the rich families, but students from poor families willhave to drop out of school.

In a word, the higher tuition fees not only have great influence on thestudents, but also on the development of our country. In my opinion, thegovernment and the universities should take this into consideration. Theyshould charge reasonable tuition fees and make sure everybody can have thechance to go to college.【范文点评】

文章第一段开篇指出：随着经济的快速发展，高校学费日益增高。人们对此观点不一。作者的观点是：高校应当合理收费。接下来列举自己的理由。

首先，高昂的学费对贫困家庭而言无疑是一种经济负担，可能会使这些家庭负债累累。其次，高昂的学费也会使一些学生失去接受教育的机会，从长远来看影响社会的公平发展。

结尾总结全文，明确指出高校应当合理收费，和高校都应对于这个问题仔细考虑，保障学生受教育的权利，促进社会更好的发展。

2015年江西师范大学外国语学院716综合英语考研真题及详解

Ⅰ. Vocabulary: (20×1 points)

There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there arefour choices marked a, b, c and d. Choose the one that best completes thesentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.

1. After dusk, the Black slaves ______ home from the cotton plantation.a. totteredb. strolledc. ploddedd. hobbled【答案】c

【解析】句意：太阳下山后，黑人奴隶拖着沉重的步伐从棉花种植园回家。plod沉重缓慢地走。totter蹒跚，摇摇晃晃地走。stroll漫步，闲逛。hobble蹒跚；跛行。因此，本题的正确答案为c。

2. They ______ forty miles in search of work.

a. walkedb. ploddedc. strolledd. tottered【答案】a

【解析】句意：他们为了找工作步行了40英里。walk步行，行走。plod沉重缓慢地走。stroll漫步，闲逛。totter蹒跚，摇摇晃晃地走。因此，本题的正确答案为a。

3. The city was ______ to rubbles.a. diminishedb. reducedc. dwindledd. minimized【答案】b

【解析】句意：这座城市沦为了废墟。reduce减少，缩小。reduce to可以表示“沦为；使处于”。diminish减少，缩小。dwindle缩小，减少。minimize减到最低数量，降至最低程度。因此，本题的正确答案为b。

4. The local authorities tried to ______ the accident.a. diminishb. reducec. dwindled. minimize【答案】d

【解析】句意：地方当局尽力把事故降到最低程度。minimize降至最低程度，减到最低数量。diminish减少，减弱。reduce减少，缩小。diminish减少，缩小。因此，本题的正确答案为d。

5. I ______ the tremor of the earthquake last night.a. sensedb. feltc. was aware ofd. was conscious of【答案】b

【解析】句意：我昨晚感觉到地震的震动。a，b选项都有“感受，感觉”的意思，但feel可指直觉的感受，而sense多指感官的感受。c，d选项表示“意识到”。因此，本题的正确答案为b。

6. We ______ the responsibility placed on us.a. senseb. feelc. are aware ofd. are conscious of【答案】c

【解析】句意：我们意识到了身上的责任。be aware of可指对重要性的意识，而be conscious of侧重心理方面的意识。a，c选项表示“感觉，感受”。 因此，本题的正确答案为c。

7. They ______ around the stove for warmth.a. musteredb. swarmedc. clusteredd. rounded up【答案】c

【解析】句意：他们围着火炉取暖。四个选项都有“聚集”的含义，但只有cluster可以与around搭配，表示“聚集在……周围”。因此，本题的正

确答案为c。

8. When the bell rang, the students ______ into the lecture hall.a. musteredb. swarmedc. clusteredd. rounded up【答案】b

【解析】句意：铃声一响，学生们就涌进了报告厅。swarm into表示“（成群）涌入”，因此，本题的正确答案为b。

9. A bridge which is hung from cables is known as a ______ bridge.a. suspendedb. suspensec. suspensiond. suspender【答案】c

【解析】句意：在缆索上吊起的桥被称为悬索桥。suspension悬；吊，

suspension bridge吊桥。suspended悬浮的（多指微粒），暂缓的。suspense悬念。suspender悬挂物。因此，本题的正确答案为c。

10. There were long ______ wires attached to metal spheres.a. fineb. narrowc. slimd. slight【答案】a

【解析】句意：金属球上有细长的电线。fine可以表示“纤细的，极细的”。narrow狭窄的。slim（人的身材）纤细的。slight轻微的。因此，本题的正确答案为a。

11. She searched for him but could not find him ______.a. nowhereb. somewherec. everywhered. anywhere【答案】d

【解析】句意：她找了他，但是哪儿也找不到。anywhere任何地方，用于否定句。因此，本题的正确答案为d。

12. The accumulating evidence made the experts ______ the animal was apuma.a. thinkb. to thinkc. thinkingd. thought【答案】a

【解析】句意：越来越多的证据让专家认为这个动物是美洲狮。make sbdo sth让某人做某事，因此，本题的正确答案为a。

13. ______ being very old, she was very graceful.a. Althoughb. Evenc. Even thoughd. In spite of【答案】d

【解析】句意：尽管年纪已老，但她还是非常优雅。a，c，d都可以表示“虽然，尽管”，但although和even though后面都要加句子，in spite of后面可以加短语。even表示“甚至”，不符合句意。因此，本题的正确答案为d。

14. The magazine would soon go to press. It would soon be ______.a. pressingb. printedc. typedd. impressed【答案】b

【解析】句意：杂志不久就要付印。它很快就将出版。print在这里等于publish，表示“出版”。press按压。type打字。impress留下印象。因此，本题的正确答案为b。

15. With sufficient scientific information, a manned trip to Mars should be______.a. obtainableb. potential

c. considerabled. feasible【答案】d

【解析】句意：有了足够的科学信息，载人火星之旅应该是可行的。feasible可行的。obtainable可获得的。potential潜在的。considerable大量的。因此，本题的正确答案为d。

16. The floods did not start to ______ until two days after the rain hadstopped.a. retireb. recedec. retreatd. depart【答案】b

【解析】句意：直到雨停了两天之后，洪水才开始退下去。recede（潮水）消退，减弱。retire退休。retreat（）撤退，回避。depart启程，出发。因此，本题的正确答案为b。

17. The jury ______ him of having committed the robbery and he was thensentenced to five years’ imprisonment.

a. convincedb. accusedc. chargedd. convicted【答案】d

【解析】句意：陪审团宣判他犯有抢劫罪，处以五年监禁。convict宣告……有罪。convince说服，使信服。accuse控告，指责。charge指控。因此，本题的正确答案为d。

18. The remarks by leaders of the Taiwan authority met with ______criticism from all sides.a. scathingb. dynamicc. gentled. static【答案】a

【解析】句意：当局领导人的讲话遭到各方的严厉批评。scathing严厉的，尖锐的。dynamic动态的。gentle温和的。static静态的。因此，本题的正确答案为a。

19. His constant ______ with his health can’t be normal.a. perplexityb. confusionc. obsessiond. preoccupations【答案】d

【解析】句意：他时刻操心自己的健康状况异常。preoccupation关注，且多跟with搭配。perplexity和confusion都表示“困惑，混乱”。obsession痴迷；困扰。因此，本题的正确答案为d。

20. The recent archeological discovery ______ the scientists’ speculation.a. appealedb. suedc. attestedd. protested【答案】c

【解析】句意：最近的考古发现证实了科学家们的推测。attest证明，证实。appeal呼吁，上诉。sue控告，请求。protest。因此，本题的正

确答案为c。

Ⅱ. Choose the right word from the list given below for each blank. (20×1points)

In 1973, Howard Hughes built a $200 million (1)______, Glomar Explorer,and announced it as his (2)______ to the nodule mining (3)______. At thetime, the project was kept (4)______ from the public. The crew were paidwell to keep their mouths (5)______, and no (6)______ of the ship were(7)______. What was most (8)______ about the ship was that the entirecentral (9)______ was a cave-like empty space (called the “moon pool”), bigenough to hold something about the (10)______ of a Concorde aircraft. Butwhat? And what were those two big steel masts for?

The true (11)______ of Glomar Explorer has now been told. Her true(12)______ were the CIA, and the (13)______ intended to fit in the “moonpool” was a sunken Soviet (14)______. A big claw attached to the steel mastscould be (15)______ straight to the (16)______ to grasp the submarine.The CIA (17)______ is that, at the (18)______minute, the sub broke up and(19)______ back into the ocean (20)______. But the rumor is that they got atleast the part of the Soviet sub containing the Soviet codebooks safely backinside the “moon poor” of Glomar Explorer.

【答案与解析】（1）mining ship

（句意：1973年，霍华德·休斯斥资2000万美元修建了“格洛马探险家”这艘采矿船。因为后面提到了“锰结核开采”，因此是采矿船。）（2）entry fee

（句意：……并宣布其作为他正式进入锰结核开采行业的门槛。这里的it指代2000万美元，因此是一笔费用。）（3）official

（official表示“官方的，正式的”。）（4）secret

（句意：那时，这个项目是对公众保密的。secret表示“秘密的，机密的”。）（5）shut

（keep mouths shut表示“闭紧嘴巴”。）（6）details

（句意：有关这艘船的任何细节都未曾披露。）（7）disclosed

（disclose表示“公开，揭露”。）

（8）remarkable

（句意：这艘船最显著之处在于整个甲板是个洞状的空间。remarkable表示“显著的，卓越的”。）（9）deck

（deck表示“甲板”。）（10）size

（句意：大的足以装下协和式客机。the size of表示“……的尺寸”。）（11）story

（句意：人们还不知道“格洛马探险家”的真正故事。）（12）owners

（句意：这艘船真正的幕后主人是美国情报局。）（13）object

（预计要适应这个洞状空间（即moon pool）的物体是一艘已经沉没的苏维埃核潜艇。）（14）nuclear submarine

（后面提到grasp the submarine，因此这里是核潜艇。）（15）slipped

（句意：钢桅杆上的一个大机械爪能够直接下滑到洋底，抓住核潜

艇。）

（16）ocean-floor

（ocean-floor表示“（海洋）洋底”。）（17）game

（game在这里表示“把戏，诡计”。）（18）last

（at the last minute表示“在最后一刻”。）（19）lowered

（句意：核潜艇会分解，并下沉回到海洋深处。）（20）depths

（depths表示“深处，深渊”。）

Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension (20×2 points)

There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questionsor unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked a, b, c,and d. You should decide on the best choice and write the correspondingletter on the Answer Sheet.

Passage 1

Questions 1-6 are based on the following passage:

Family Matters

This month Singapore passed a bill that would give legal teeth to the moralobligation to support one’s parents. Called the Maintenance of Parents Bill, itreceives the backing of the Singapore Government.

That does not mean it hasn’t generated discussion. Several members ofParliament opposed the measure as un-Asian. Others who acknowledged theproblem of the elderly poor believed it a disproportionate response. Stillothers believe it will subvert relations within the family; cynics dubbed it the“Sue Your Son” law.

Those who say that the bill does not promote filial responsibility, of course,are right. It has nothing to do with filial responsibility. It kicks in where filialresponsibility fails. The law cannot legislate filial responsibility any morethan it can legislate love. All the law can do is to provide a safety net wherethis morality proves insufficient. Singapore needs this bill not to replacemorality, but to provide incentives to shore it up.

Like many other developed nations, Singapore faces the problems of anincreasing proportion of people over 60 years of age. Demography isinexorable. In 1980, 7.2% of the population was in this bracket. By the turnof the century, t at figure will grow to 11%. By 2030, the proportion isprojected to be 26%. The problem is not old age per se. It is that the ratio ofeconomically active people to economically inactive people will decline.But no amount of government exhortation or paternalism will completely

eliminate the problem of old people who have insufficient means to makeends meet. Some people will fall through the holes in any safety net.Traditionally, a person’s insurance against poverty in his old age was hisfamily. This is not a revolutionary concept. Nor is it uniquely Asian. Careand support for one’s parents is a universal value shared by all civilizedsocieties.

The problem in Singapore is that the moral obligation to look after one’sparents is unenforceable. A father can be compelled by law to maintain hischildren. A husband can be forced to support his wife. But, until now, a sonor daughter had no legal obligation to support his or her parents.In 19, an Advisory Council was set up to look into the problems of theaged. Its report stated with a tinge of complacency that 95% of those who didnot have their own income were receiving cash contributions from relations.But what of the 5% who aren’t getting relatives, support? They have severaloptions: (a) get a job and work until they die; (b) apply for public assistance(you have to destitute to apply); or (c) starve quietly. None of these options issocially acceptable. And what if this 5% figure grows, as it is likely to do, associety ages?

The Maintenance of Parents Bill was put forth to encourage the traditionalvirtues that have so far kept Asian nations from some of the breakdownsencountered in other affluent societies. This legislation will allow a person toapply to the court for maintenance from any or all of his children. The courtwould have the discretion to refuse to make an order if it is unjust.Those who deride the proposal for opening up the courts to family lawsuits

miss the point. Only in extreme cases would any parent take his child tocourt. If it does indeed become law, the bill’s effect would be far more subtle.First, it will reaffirm the notion that it is each individual’s—not society’s—responsibility to look after his parents. Singapore is still conservative enoughthat most people will not object to this idea. It reinforces the traditionalvalues and it doesn’t hurt a society now and then to remind itself of its corevalues.

Second, and more important, it will make those who are inclined to shirktheir responsibilities think twice. Until now, if a person asked family elders,clergymen or the Ministry of Community Development to help get financialsupport from his children, the most they could do was to mediate. Butmediators have no teeth, and a child could simply ignore their pleas.But to be sued by one’s parents would be a massive loss of face. It would bea public disgrace. Few people would be so thick-skinned as to say, “Sue andbe damned”. The hand of the conciliator would be immeasurablystrengthened. It is far more likely that some sort of amicable settlementwould be reached if the recalcitrant son or daughter knows that the alternativeis a public trial.

It would be nice to think that Singapore doesn’t need this kind of law. Butthat belief ignores the clear demographic trends and the effect of affluenceitself on traditional bonds. Those of us who pushed for the bill will considerourselves most successful if it acts as an incentive not to have it invoked inthe first place.

1. The Maintenance of Parents Bill　 ______

a. received unanimous support in the Singapore Parliament.b. was believed to solve all the problems of the elderly poor.c. was intended to substitute for traditional values in Singapore.d. was passed to make the young more responsible to the old.

2. By quoting the growing percentage points of the aged in the population,the author seems to imply that ______

a. the country will face mounting problems of the old in future.b. the social welfare system would be under great pressure.c. young people should be given more moral education.d. the old should be provided with means of livelihood.3. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?a. Filial responsibility in Singapore is enforced by law.b. Fathers have legal obligations to look after their children.c. It is an acceptable practice for the old to continue working.d. The Advisory Council was dissatisfied with the problems of the old.4. The author seems to suggest that traditional values ______a. play an insignificant role in solving social problems.

b. are helpful to the elderly when they sue their children.c. are very important in preserving Asian uniqueness.d. are significant in helping the Bill get approved.

5. The author thinks that if the Bill becomes law, its effect would be ______a. indirect.b. unnoticeable.c. apparent.d. straight forward.

6. At the end the pass, the author seems to imply that success of the Bill,depends upon ______a. strict enforcement.b. public support.c. government assurance.d. filial awareness.【答案与解析】

1. d 本题为细节理解题。短文首句说“This month Singapore passed a billthat would give legal teeth to the moral obligation to support one’sparents.”由此可知，选项d“该议案的通过是为了让年轻人对老年人更尽义务”为正确答案。

2. a 本题为推理题。短文通过具体数字告诉我们，在新加坡确实存在老龄人口比例增大的问题，所带来的影响是：“It is that the ratio ofeconomically active people to economically inactive people will decline.”即国家将面临严重的经济问题，故选项a为正确答案。

3. b 本题为细节题。短文第七段第二句说“A father can be compelled bylaw to maintain his children.”这与b的说法一致，故选项b为正确答案。4. c 本题为细节题。短文第九段首句说“The Maintenance of Parents Billwas put forth to encourage the traditional virtues that have so far kept Asiannations from some of the breakdowns encountered in other affluentsocieties.”这里是说亚洲国家的传统美德使得他们有别于那些富有的国家，这表明传统美德在保持亚洲国家的特色方面起着重要作用，故答案选c。

5. a 本题为推理题。短文第十段最后一句说“If it does indeed become law,the bills effect would be far more subtle”，在接下来的几段里，作者讲到赡养父母是个人的责任，并非社会的责任。而有些人碍于情面，不得不重新考虑赡养父母的问题。因此该议案起到了间接的作用，故选项a为正确答案。

6. d 本题为总结题。文章的最后一句说“Those of us who pushed for thebill will consider ourselves most successful if it acts as an incentive not tohave it invoked in the first place.”这句话表明该议案是否成功要看它能否激励人们维护传统道德观念，而不是首先考虑对簿公堂，故选项d“孝顺意识”为正确答案。

Passage 2

Questions 7-10 are based on the following passage:

Between 1977 and 1981, three groups of American women, numbering 27 inall, between the ages of 35 and 65, were given month-long tests to determinehow they would respond to conditions resembling those aboard the spaceshuttle.

Though carefully selected from among many applicants, the women werevolunteers and pay was barely above the minimum wage. They were notallowed to smoke or drink alcohol during the tests, and they were expected totolerate each other’s’ company at close quarters for the entire period. Amongother things, they had to stand pressure three times the force of gravity andcarry out both physical and mental tasks while exhausted from strenuousphysical exercise. At the end of ten days, they had to spend a further twentydays absolutely confined to bed, during which time they suffered backachesand other discomforts, and when they were finally allowed up, the morephysically active women were especially subject to pains due to a slightcalcium loss.

Results of the tests suggest that women will have significant advantages overmen in space. They need less food and less oxygen and they stand up toradiation better. Men’s advantages in terms of strength and stamina,meanwhile, are virtually wiped out by the zero-gravity condition in space.7. Which would be the most suitable title for the passage?a. Older Women, Too, Can Travel in Space.

b. Space Testing Causes Backaches in Women.c. Poor Wages for Women Space Test Volunteers.d. Tests Show Women Suited for Space Travel.8. What can be said about the women who applied?a. They were 27 in all.

b. They were anxious to give up either smoking or drinking.c. They had previously earned the minimum wage.d. They choose to participate in the tests.9. The calcium loss particularly affected ______a. all the women tested.

b. those who had been particularly active in the previous ten days.c. those who were generally very active.d. those who had suffered backaches.

10. Which of the following is suggested as being least useful in space?a. High resistance to radiation.b. Unusual strength.c. Low food intake.

d. Low oxygen intake【答案与解析】

7. d 考查主旨大意。文章说她们的年龄在32至65之间，并非是oldwomen，因此a选项错误。b和c只是文章提及的一部分内容，不能概括全文，因此正确答案为d。

8. d 细节理解题。由第一段第一句可知，她们的年龄在32至65之间，因此a选项错误。由第二段第二句可知，她们不能吸烟喝酒，b选项是对这句话的错误理解。第二段第一句中提到“... barely above the minimumwage”，c选项错误。因此正确答案为d。

9. c 细节理解题。由第二段最后一句“the more physically active womenwere especially subject to pains due to a slight calcium loss.”可知，身体运动活跃的人会造成钙亏损，因此正确答案为c。

10. b 细节理解题。由第三段第二句“They need less food and less oxygenand they stand up to radiation better.”可知，食物、氧气摄入少，忍受辐射能力强都是女性的优势。因此正确答案为b。

Passage 3

Questions 11-15 are based on the following passage:

The scientific name is the Holocene Age, but climatologists like to call ourcurrent climatic phase the Long Summer. The history of Earth’s climate hasrarely smooth. From the moment life began on the planet billions of yearsago, the climate has swung drastically and often abruptly from one state to

another—from swamp to frozen ice age. Over the past 10,000 years,however, the climate has remained remarkably stable by historical standards:not too warm and not too cold, or Goldilocks weather. That stability hasallowed Homo sapiens, numbering perhaps just a few million at the dawn ofthe Holocene, to thrive; farming has taken hold and civilizations have arisen.Without the Long Summer, that never would have possible.

But as human population has exploded over the past few thousand years, thedelicate ecological balance that kept the Long Summer going has becomethreatened. The rise of industrialized agriculture has thrown off Earth’snatural nitrogen and phosphorus cycles, leading to pollution on land andwater, while our fossil-fuel addiction has moved billions of tons of carbonfrom the land into the atmosphere, heating the climate ever more.

Now a new article in the Sept. 24 issue of Nature says the safe climatic limitsin which humanity has blossomed are more vulnerable than ever and thatunless we recognize our planetary boundaries and stay within them, we risktotal catastrophe. “Human activities have reached a level that could damagethe systems that keep Earth in the desirable Holocene state,” writes JohanRockstrom, executive director of the Stockholm Environmental Institute andthe author of the article. “The result could be irreversible and, in some cases,abrupt environmental change, leading to a state less conducive to humandevelopment.”

Regarding climate change, for instance, Rockstrom proposes an atmospheric-carbon-concentration limit of no more than 350 parts per million (p.p.m)—meaning no more than 350 atoms of carbon for every million atoms to air.(Before the industrial age, levels were at 280 p.p.m.; currently they’re at 387

p.p.m. and rising.) That, scientists believe, should be enough to keep globaltemperatures from rising more than 2°C above preindustrial levels, whichshould be safely below a climatic tipping point that could lead to the wide-scale melting of polar ice sheets, swamping coastal cities. “Transgressingthese boundaries will increase the risk of irreversible climate change,” writesRockstrom.

That’s the impact of breaching only one of nine planetary boundaries thatRockstrom identifies in the paper. Other boundaries involve freshwateroveruse, the global agricultural cycle and ozone loss. In each case, he scansthe state of science to find ecological limits that we can’t violate, lest we riskpassing a tipping point that could throw the planet out of whack for humanbeings. Ifs based on a theory that ecological change occurs not so muchcumulatively, but suddenly, after invisible thresholds have been reached. Staywithin the lines, and we might just be all right.

In three of the nine cases Rockstrom has pointed out, however—climatechange, the nitrogen cycle and species loss—we’ve already passed histhreshold limits. In the case of global warming, we haven’t yet felt the fulleffects, Rockstrom says, because carbon acts gradually on the climate—butonce warming starts, it may prove hard to stop unless we reduce emissionssharply. Ditto for the nitrogen cycle, where industrialized agriculture alreadyhas humanity pouring more chemicals into the land and oceans than theplanet can process, and for wildlife loss, where we risk biological collapse.“We can say with some confidence that Earth cannot sustain the current rateof loss without significant erosion of ecosystem resilience,” says Rockstrom.The paper offers a useful way of looking at the environment, especially for

global policy makers. As the world grapples with climate change this week atthe U.N. and G-20 summit, some clearly posted speed limits from scientistscould help politicians craft global deals on carbon and other sharedenvironmental threats. It’s tough for negotiators to hammer out a newclimate-change treaty unless they know just how much carbon needs to be cutto keep people safe. Rockstrom’s work delineates the limits to human growth—economically, demographically, ecologically—that we transgress at ourperil.

The problem is that identifying those limits is a fuzzy science—and eventrickier to translate into policy. Rockstrom’s atmospheric-carbon target of350 p.p.m. has scientific support, but the truth is that scientists still aren’tcertain as to how sensitive the climate will be able to warm over the long-term—it’s possible that the atmosphere will be able to handle more carbon orthat catastrophe could be triggered at lower levels. And by setting aboundary, it might make policymakers believe that we can pollute up to thatlimit and still be safe. That’s not the case—pollution causes cumulativedamage, even below the tipping point. By focusing too much on the upperlimits, we still risk harming Earth. “Ongoing changes in global chemistryshould alarm us about threats to the persistence of life on Earth, whether ornot we cross a catastrophic threshold any time soon,” writes WilliamSchlesinger, president of the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, in acommentary accompanying the Nature paper.

But as the world attempts to break the carbon addiction that already has itwell on the way to climate catastrophe, more clearly defined limits will beuseful. But climate diplomats should remember that while they can negotiate

with one another, ultimately, they can’t negotiate with the planet. Unless wemanage our presence on Earth better, we may soon be in the last days of ourLong Summer.

11. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT the result of theLong Summer?

a. It is possible to grow crops.b. Human beings have appeared.c. Cultures have come into being.

d. It is possible for modern men to increase quickly.

12. The following are the threats to the Long Summer EXCEPT ______a. industry.b. agriculture.c. human population.d. environmental change.

13. Which of the following is NOT true about the new article in Nature?a. The current loss rate of wild species has threatened the ecosystem.b. The limits identified in the article can help policy makers to make a newglobal treaty.

c. We will be safe within the nine planetary boundaries identified in the

article.

d. We are now in a dangerous situation unless we take strict measures toprevent climate change.

14. The purpose in writing the passage is ______a. to analyze the situation we are in.b. to warn us of the danger Earth faces.c. to identify nine planetary boundaries.d. to delineate the limits to human growth.

15. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?a. G-20 Summitb. The Long Summerc. The Climatic Tipping Point

d. How Much Human Activity Can Earth Handle?【答案与解析】

11. b 事实细节题。文章第一段提到了农业可以扎根，即a选项；文明已经建立，即c选项；现代人类快速增加，即d选项。因此，b是未提到的结果。

12. d 事实细节题。文章第二段提到了“工业”“农业”“人口增长”，并没有提到“环境变化”，因此可知答案为d。

13. c 推理判断题。由第八段可知，地球变化是渐进的，即使在现存界限之内，也不能保证安全。

14. b 推理概括题。本文通篇在讲地球上出现的各种问题，而选项a“我们所处的环境”，选项c“9个地球界限”和选项d“人类增加的阻碍”，这些都只是文章的一个方面。因此，只有b选项总结全面。文章的目的在于引起人们对地球所面临危险的警惕。

15. d 推理概括题。文章告诫人们地球是有界限的，一旦超越界限，人类将面临毁灭。

Passage 4

Questions 16-20 are based on the following passage:

Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world,but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns outthat the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparentlya universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostileway, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universesign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believedthat the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value.For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (orfriends) in the absence of language.

Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the sameemotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize theemotions manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul

Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust,fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world toindicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried rangedfrom European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells inthe New Guinea highlands. All groups including the Fore, who had almost nocontact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Forealso displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they wouldrespond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotionalresponses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results ina study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report thatmultiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participantsgenerally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and whichemotion was more intense.

Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflectemotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patternsof electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship betweenemotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction.According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles (“feedback”)are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person’s facialexpression can influence that person’s emotional state. Consider Darwin’swords: “The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. Onthe other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softensour emotions.” Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example,and frowning to anger?

Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerningthe facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile,for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons(humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. Whenthey are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One linkis arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in anorganism. Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used insignifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal thenleads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes inbrain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances thattransmit nerve impulses.) The contraction of facial muscles both influencesthe internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has found that the so-calledDuchenne smile, which is characterized by “crow’s feet” wrinkles around theeyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eyemoves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression “keep a stiffupper lip” as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff”lip suppresses emotional response-as long as the lip is not quivering with fearor tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is moreintense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heightenemotional response.

16. The word despondent in the passage is closest in meaning to ______.a. curious

b. unhappyc. thoughtfuld. uncertain

17. The author mentions “Baring the teeth in a hostile way” in order to______.

a. differentiate one possible meaning of a particular facial expression fromother meanings of it

b. support Darwin’s theory of evolution

c. provide an example of a facial expression whose meaning is widelyunderstood

d. contrast a facial expression that is easily understood with other facialexpressions

18. The word concur in the passage is closest in meaning to ______.a. estimateb. agreec. expectd. understand

19. According to paragraph 2, which of the following was true of the Forepeople of New Guinea?

a. They did not want to be shown photographs.b. They were famous for their story-telling skills.c. They knew very little about Western culture.d. They did not encourage the expression of emotions.

20. According to the passage, what did Darwin believe would happen tohuman emotions that were not expressed?a. They would become less intense.b. They would last longer than usual.c. They would cause problems later.d. They would become more negative.【答案与解析】

16. b 词义猜测题。由第一段第一句的“happy or despondent”可知，despondent是与happy形成对比，因此答案为unhappy。

17. c 细节理解题。由第一段中的“Baring the teeth in a hostile way, asnoted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign ofanger”可知，这种表情通常用于表示愤怒，c选项中的widely understood是原文中universe sign的同义改写。

18. b 词义猜测题。由第二段的第一句“Most investigators concur thatcertain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in a people.”可知，“……某些面部表情表明对人们而言表示同样的情绪”，后面是具体

讲述的实验内容，最终得出结论“The participants generally agreed onwhich two emotions were being shown and which emotion was moreintense”，因此这是研究人员一致同意的。

19. c 细节理解题。由第二段中的“All groups including the Fore, who hadalmost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed

emotions.”可知，Fore people of New Guinea不了解西方文化，因此答案为c。

20. a 细节理解题。由第三段的倒数第二句“Consider Darwin’s words:‘The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On theother hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens ouremotions.’”可知，如果抑制情绪表达，会使情绪变得温和。a选项中的less intense是对soften的同义改写。Ⅳ. Translation (30 points)1. Chinese to English (15 points)

这些年，体力劳动者的收入往往要比在办公室工作的人优厚得多。办公室工作人员经常被人称为“白领工人”，因为他们通常穿硬领、系领带去上班。许多人常常情愿牺牲较高的工资仅仅为了能荣幸地成为白领工人，此乃人之常情。这样就会出现各种怪现象。在一家公司当清洁工的汤姆就是一例。汤姆婚后，由于难为情，没有告诉他妻子任何有关他工作的情况。而仅仅告诉她，他是在一家公司工作。每天早上他穿着一套考究的黑西装离开了家，然后换上工作服，当八小时清洁工人。晚上回家以前，他淋了浴又换上他那套西装。【参考译文】

These days, people who do manual work often receive far more money thanpeople who work in offices. People who work in offices are frequentlyreferred to as “white-collar workers” for the simple reason that they usuallywear a collar and tie to go to work. Such is human nature, that a great manypeople are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becomingwhite-collar workers. This can give rise to curious situations, as it did in thecase of Tom who worked as a dustman for a corporation. When he gotmarried, Tom was too embarrassed to say anything to his wife about his job.He simply told her that he worked for a corporation. Every morning, he lefthome dressed in a smart black suit. He then changed into overalls and spentthe next eight hours as a dustman. Before returning home at night, he took ashower and changed back into his suit.

2. English to Chinese (15 points)

In all this serenity of ocean it is seldom that we espy so much as another ship;the jolly dolphins and the scratchy little flying-fish have the vast circle all tothemselves, “the Flying-Fish, who has a part with the birds,” and doubtlessare glad to see the last of the monster which bears us into and out of sight.Our wake closes up and we might never have been. But it does happen fromtime to time that an island appears on the horizon, nameless to us and full ofmystery, the peak of a submarine mountain range, lonely, unblemished,remote. Does one like islands because one unconsciously appropriates them,a small manageable domain in a large unmanageable world? I cannot tell whyit should give me such a queer sensation to reflect that that island has alwaysbeen there and will be there still, should I return to find it waiting for me.

【参考译文】

在这一片无比宁静的大海上，我们连一艘其他的船只也难得见到。欢乐的海豚和那些吱吱叫的小飞鱼是这片广阔天地的主人。当它们再也看不到那个载着我们驶入它们的视线而又很快消失的怪物时，“这些与鸟儿有点相似的小飞鱼”肯定高兴得很。船过水合，毫无痕迹，似乎我们从未经过那儿似的。但是，偶尔也会有一座不知名的岛屿出现在远处的地平线上，充满神秘之感，那是海底山脉之顶峰，显得孤独、无暇、遥远。人们喜爱岛屿，是不是因为在难以驾驭的广袤的世界之中有这些易于治理的小块领地，就不知不觉地想要占为己有呢？不知为何，我总有一种奇怪的感觉，认为那座岛屿会一直屹立在那里，假若我们返回原地，将会发现它还在那里等待着我们。Ⅴ. Writing (40 points)

As a developing country, China has to feed 1.3 billion people. Therefore,every effort to stop the waste of food is of vital importance. But in somerestaurants, food is commonly squandered, especially when the meals areheld at public expenses. Diners commonly order too many dishes and worst,they refuse to take out “doggie bags” for fear of losing face. This mentalityhelps popularize extravagance.Requirements:

Write a composition of about 300 words, expressing your opinions andmaking comments on the waste of food.

In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement and

in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriatedetails. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a naturalconclusion with a summary. Marks will be awarded for organization as wellas for syntactic variety and appropriate word choice.【参考范文】

In daily life, it is easy for you to realize the phenomenon of food wasteeverywhere. Perhaps you think this little bit of nothing to waste and maybeyou still think our country with vast land to grow food. But the fact is thatChina’s population has grown more than 1.3 billion, and unauthorizedoccupation of cultivated land, land degradation and desertification arebecoming more and more serious. Absolute reality cannot be optimistic!Saving food is the obligation of every citizen.

Wasting food is shameful. People should feel sorry for themselves when theyare wasting food they possess. For even though most of us can lead a goodlife nowadays, there are still some people living a suffering life. Just imaginewhen we enter McDonald’s and KFC to enjoy luxury food, yet the poorpeople in countryside may just expect some little food to get rid of starvation.In fact, the aware of conservation is very simple: how much to eat a mealcontaining the number, do not throw leftovers. After all, every single grain isthe result of toil by peasants. No one should waste it at his or her own will. Atpresent, the government advocates people clean the plates whenever they eat.However, many of us refuse to take out “doggie bags” for fear of losing face.Thus, it is time for them to change their opinions towards it. What is sensiblefor public is to consider this movement as an environment-friendly action,instead of a mean behavior. Besides the measures taken by government,

everyone is supposed to save food in our daily life. Especially for those whowant to keep thin and only eat small portion at dinner, they tend to wastemuch food. So it is necessary for them to cook less in order to avoid wastingfood.

In the long run, saving food cannot be accomplished at one stroke. That is tosay, let the savings become a habit of us, whenever and wherever possible.【范文点评】

第一段开篇提出如今食物浪费现象严重，且结合事实来说明土地正在日益减少，节约食物刻不容缓。接下来举例说明食物浪费可耻，并从和个人方面提出如何减少浪费。最后一段指出，解决食物浪费不可能一蹴而就，需要长久坚持下去。

2017年江西师范大学外国语学院716综合英语考研真题及详解

Ⅰ. Vocabulary: (20×1 points)

There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there arefour choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes thesentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.

1. Poverty is a (n) ______ eating away at the heart of society.A. cankerB. soreC. ulcerD. abscess【答案】A

【解析】句意：贫困是侵蚀社会核心的祸患。canker祸患；溃疡。sore痛处。ulcer溃疡。abscess脓肿。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

2. We tried to ______ our thoughts from our massive financial problems.A. avoid

B. avertC. shunD. evade【答案】B

【解析】句意：我们尽量不去想我们面临的严重财政问题。avert转移（目光、想法等），防止。avoid避免。shun避开，回避。evade逃避，逃脱。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

3. He gestured at a large black screen and computer ______ with projectionsystem that had been set up along one wall of the courtroom.A. faceB. insoleC. boardD. console【答案】D

【解析】句意：他指着法庭墙上的一个大黑屏和一台装有投影系统的电脑控制台。console控制台。face脸，面部。insole鞋垫。board木板。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

4. Given the ______ of literature on drinking and positive social outcomes,these analyses will be exploratory.A. expensivenessB. dearthC. dearnessD. expenditure【答案】B

【解析】句意：考虑到研究饮酒积极社会作用的文献稀少，因此这样的分析有待研究。dearth缺乏，不足。expensiveness昂贵。dearness亲爱；高价。expenditure花费，支出。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

5. Vitamins in ______ are more affected than those in solid foods.A. delusionB. illusionC. solutionD. allusion【答案】C

【解析】句意：溶液里的维生素比固体食物里的维生素受到的影响更大。solution溶液；解决。delusion欺骗；妄想。illusion幻觉，错觉。

allusion暗示。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

6. “Nicky” is a common ______ of “Nicholas”.A. diminutionB. declensionC. diminutiveD. declivity【答案】C

【解析】句意：尼基是尼古拉斯的一个常用简称。diminutive（尤指名字的）非正式缩略形式。declension变格，词形变化。diminution减少。declivity倾斜。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

7. Since the US market has now been ______, drug dealers are looking toEurope.A. boostedB. saturatedC. immersedD. flourished【答案】B

【解析】句意：由于美国市场现已饱和，毒品交易商正将目光投向欧洲。saturate浸透，饱和。boost增长；促进。immerse沉浸。flourish兴旺，繁荣。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

8. Only those over 70 are ______ for the special payment.A. edibleB. eligibleC. educibleD. evincible【答案】B

【解析】句意：只有70岁以上的人才有资格领取这项专款。eligible有资格的。edible可食用的。educible可推断的。evincible可证明的。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

9. She has an ______ knowledge of Tuscany, where she has lived for twentyyears.A. effeminateB. eliminateC. intimidate

D. intimate【答案】D

【解析】句意：她非常了解托斯卡纳区，因为她在那里住了二十多年。intimate详尽的；精通的；亲密的。effeminate柔弱的。eliminate根除。intimidate威胁；恐吓。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

10. The contract between the two companies will ______ at the end of theyear.A. expireB. aspireC. entireD. retire【答案】A

【解析】句意：两个公司的合同将于今年年底到期。expire期满，到期。aspire渴望，追求。entire完全的，全部的。retire退休。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

11. Few could have predicted that she would reach ______ as a surgeon.A. imminence

B. immanenceC. eminenceD. countenance【答案】C

【解析】句意：很少有人能预料到她会成为一名杰出的外科医生。eminence卓越。imminence迫切。immanence内在。countenance赞同，面容。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

12. To test the model under different conditions, it is necessary to run______on a computer.A. emulationsB. simulationsC. imitationsD. mockery【答案】B

【解析】句意：为了检验这个型号在不同条件下的性能，有必要在计算机上进行模拟。simulation模拟。emulation仿真。imitation模仿。mockery嘲笑。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

13. She appeared on television to ______ with the kidnappers.A. entreatB. requestC. beseechD. plead【答案】D

【解析】句意：她出现在电视上，向绑匪恳求。A，C，D都有“恳求”的意思，但是plead更强调迫切感。plead with意为“向……恳求”。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

14. The number of ballot papers did not ______ with the number of voters.A. tallyB. enumerateC. estimateD. evaluate【答案】A

【解析】句意：选票的数目与选民的数目不相符。tally符合，一致。enumerate列举，计算。estimate估计。evaluate评价。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

15. When acute passes into chronic inflammation, the pain ______, andultimately entirely ceases which may lead to the impression that theinflammation has been extinguished.A. abatesB. declinesC. mitigatesD. terminates【答案】C

【解析】句意：急性炎症转化为慢性炎症时，疼痛会减轻并最终停止，这也许会令人以为炎症消失了。mitigate特指（病痛）减轻，因此，本题的正确答案为C。

16. He’s very profound about many different things, but when it comes to hisown near-death experience, he doesn’t ______ on it.A. dwellB. remainC. abideD. reside

【答案】A

【解析】句意：他对许多不同事情都有深刻见解，但谈到自己九死一生的经历时，却并未细想。dwell on细想，详述。其他选项不与on搭配。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

17. At its bedrock, the FBI must stand for ______ integrity, be free of allpolitical influence, be free of any racial or other bias, and work solely in thepublic interest.A. autocraticB. dictatorialC. absoluteD. tyrannical【答案】C

【解析】句意：从根本上看，FBI必须代表绝对的公正，不受任何政权、种族或其他偏见的影响，只为公众利益服务。absolute绝对的。autocratic的，的。dictatorial的。tyrannical残暴的。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

18. His blood pressure was like at an ______ level.A. anomalous

B. abnormalC. irregularD. aberrant【答案】B

【解析】句意：他的血压好像处于一个异常水平。abnormal反常的，异常的。anomalous不规则的，不协调的。irregular不规则的。aberrant畸变的，异常的。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

19. Because the gas is highly ______, it needs to be kept in high-pressurecontainers.A. expansiveB. expositiveC. expressiveD. explosive【答案】D

【解析】句意：因为瓦斯是高爆发性的，所以需要保存在高压容器里。explosive爆炸性的。expansive广阔的。expositive解释的。expressive表达的。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

20. It is ______ a pity that she could not join us in the celebration.A. fairlyB. prettyC. veryD. rather【答案】D

【解析】句意：她不能跟我们一起庆祝，真是十分遗憾。rather表示“相当”，因此，本题的正确答案为D。

Ⅱ. Fill each of the numbered blanks in the passage with one suitable word.(20×1 points)

The business of our nation goes forward. These United States are (1)______with an economic affliction of great proportions. We suffer from the longestand one of the worst (2)______ inflations in our national history. It distortsour economic decisions, penalizes thrift, and crushes the struggling(3)______ and the fixed-income elderly alike. It threatens to shatter the(4)______ of millions of our people.

Idle industries have cast workers (5)______ unemployment, causing humanmisery and personal indignity. Those who do work are denied a (6)______return for their labor by a tax system (7)______ penalizes successfulachievement and keeps us from maintaining full productivity.

But great as our tax burden is, it has not kept (8)______ with publicspending. For decades, we have (9)______ deficit upon deficit, mortgagingour future and our children’s future for the (10)______ convenience of thepresent. To (11)______ this long trend is to guarantee tremendous social,cultural, political, and economic upheavals.

You and I, as individuals, can, by borrowing, live beyond our means, but foronly a (12)______ period of time. Why, then, should we think thatcollectively, as a (13)______, we are not bound by that same limitation?We must act (14)______ in order to preserve tomorrow. And let there be nomisunderstanding—we are going to (15)______ to act, beginning today.The economic ills we suffer have come upon us (16)______ several decades.They will not go away in days, (17)______, or months, but they will goaway. They will go away because we, (18)______ Americans, have thecapacity now, as we have had in the past, to do (19)______ needs to be doneto preserve this last and greatest bastion of freedom.

In this present crisis, government is not the (20)______ to our problem.【答案与解析】1. confronted

（句意：美国面正面临巨大的经济困难。confront with面临，面对。）2. sustained

（sustained持久的，修饰inflations。）

3. young

（句意：压迫着正在挣扎谋生的青年人和收入固定的中年人。young和elderly形成对比。）4. lives

（句意：摧毁我国千百万人民的生计。lives表示“生活”）5. into

（句意：停滞的工业使工人失业。cast into表示“扔进”。）6. fair

（句意：即使那些有工作的人，也因沉重的税负而得不到公正的劳动报酬。fair公正的，修饰return。）7. which

（定语从句中缺少主语，用关系代词which指代先行词tax system。）8. pace

（keep pace with表示“跟上……”。）9. piled

（句意：我们的赤字额屡屡上升。piled表示“堆积的”。）10. temporary

（句意：我们为了眼前暂时的方便，已把自己和子孙的前途都抵押出

去。temporary表示“暂时的”。）11. continue

（句意：这一趋势如果继续下去。continue表示“继续”。）12. limited

（句意：然而只能维持一段有限的时期。limited表示“有限的”。）13. nation

（句意：作为一个国家整体。）14. today

（句意：为了明天，我们今天就必须行动起来。）15. begin

（句意：我们从今天起就要开始采取行动。）16. over

（over several decades表示“在过去几十年里”。）17. weeks

（days，weeks，months是递进关系。）18. as

（句意：作为美国人，我们现在和过去一样有能力去克服。）

19. whatever

（whatever表示“无论什么”。）20. solution

（句意：无法为我们解决问题。solution表示“解决方法”。）Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension (20×2 points)

There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questionsor unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B,C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and write the correspondingletter on the Answer Sheet.

Passage 1

Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage:

Best-selling crime writer P. D. James-the initials stand for Phyllis Dorothy-exudes an air of quiet authority. It is easy to envisage her, had she notbecome a creator of detective stories with more twists and turns than a spiralstaircase, as a headmistress of a girl’s school. But it is soon apparent fromwhat she says that the authoritative mien is, in fact, a cloak for shyness. Shereluctantly admits that Adam Dalgliesh, the detective in her novels, “is, Isuppose, modeled on myself or rather, the way I would have turned out if Ihad been a man”. Dalgliesh prefers to unravel the complexities of crimessolo, as does his creator. “I need time on my own, particularly when I am

writing. I can write more or less anywhere as long as I have total privacy.”She is too modest to concur with the view that she is Britain’s best-knowncrime writer, even though her books-12 major detective novels-are readavidly by millions all over the world. She herself is a great fan of the worksof close friend Ruth Rendell. “I particularly enjoy her psychological works,written under the name of Barbara Vine.” Books beside her bed are mostlikely to be by women writers such as Iris Murdoch, Anita Brookner andPenelope Lively, although not to the total exclusion of male authors likeGraham Greene and Evelyn Waugh, whom she considers to have been thegreatest novelists of their generation. Success came to P. D. James late in life.Now in her seventies, she was 42 when her first crime novel, Cover Her Face,was published. Born in Oxford, the eldest of three children, Phyllis grew upmainly in Cambridge, where her family moved when she was 11 years old. “Imet my husband there-he was a student at the university, and I have alwaysloved the place. That is why I chose it as the setting fox An Unsuitable Jobfor a Woman.”

Reluctantly, she reveals that from a promising start, life has been hard, eventragic at times. Her Irish doctor husband, Connor Bantry White, returnedfrom the Second World War, during which he served with the Royal ArmyMedical Corps, a very sick man. “I had to work long hours to support himand our two young daughters, Clare and Jane. The ideas were teeming in myhead, but I could do practically nothing about it—I simply hadn’t the time.My husband’s parents, however, were marvelous, and took my daughtersunder their wing, giving them a sense of security throughout those difficultyears.”

While working full-time in administration for the National Health Service,she made good use of her enviable organizational skills. At one point, fivepsychiatric outpatients’ clinics came under her jurisdiction. Then followed 11years at the Home Office, first in the Police Department, doing administrationfor forensic science research, and then in the Criminal Law section, in thejuvenile crime division. It was while working in forensic science that shebecame “quite accustomed” to the sight of corpses. But it was not fascinationwith death itself that inspired her. “It was, rather, the shape and constructioninvolved in the writing of a crime novel that appealed. I have always enjoyedreading detective stories, and I always knew that I wanted to be a writer.”“I didn’t want to use the traumatic events of my own life in a work of fiction.The writing of a detective story appealed as a wonderful apprenticeship forsomeone setting out to be a serious novelist, and it was suitably removedfrom my own experience. As I went on, I became increasingly aware that onecould stay within the constraints and indeed within the so-called formula ofthe classic detective story and still write a good, serious and revealing novelabout human beings. Writing detective stories”, she says, “is a way ofbringing order out of disorder. The solution of a crime confirms the sanctityof life-even if that life is unlovable. Nobody really likes violence.”1. What does the writer suggest about P. D. James’s outward manner?A. It is an attempt to discourage curiosity.B. It points to a lack of self-confidence.C. It conceals the true nature of her personality.

D. It comes as a surprise to her readers.

2. When questioned about Adam Dalgliesh, P. D. James ______.A. concedes that the detective resembles her.B. admits that his behaviour is unusual.C. accepts that he does not enjoy company.

D. recognizes a weakness in the detective’s character.3. What is revealed about P. D. James, tastes in reading?A. She prefers books with lots of action.B. She is less keen on male than female writers.C. She believes that men write better books than women.D. She thinks that women writers are not given enough credit.

4. According to P. D. James, her early writing career suffered from lack of______.A. ideasB. commitmentC. confidenceD. opportunity

5. What realization did P. D. James come to while working on her detective

stories?

A. It was not necessary to pay attention to established patterns.B. The conventions did not adversely affect the quality of her writing.C. It was inevitable that she would become emotionally involved.D. The subject matter was more limiting than she had expected.【答案与解析】

1. C 由题目中的关键词outward manner，定位到第一段的第三句“But itis soon apparent from what she says that the authoritative mien is, in fact, acloak for shyness.”可知她表现出来的权威实际上是掩饰羞怯。C选项中的conceal即cloak的同义改写，因此答案为C。

2. A 由题目中的关键词Adam Dalgliesh，定位到第一段的倒数第二句“She reluctantly admits that Adam Dalgliesh, the detective in her novels,‘is, I suppose, modeled on myself’”，可知Adam Dalgliesh是P. D. James以自己为原型创作的，因此二者是相似的，答案为A。

3. B 由第二段的第四句“Books beside her bed are most likely to be bywomen writers such as …”可知，她更喜欢读女性作家所写的书。lesskeen on表示“不那么热衷于……”，因此答案为B。

4. D 由题目中的关键词“early writing career”定位到第三段首句的apromising start, 由这一段倒数第二句“The ideas were teeming in my head,but I could do practically nothing about it—I simply hadn’t the time.”可知，她没有时间把自己的想法写出来。因此答案为D。

5. B 由文章最后一段的第三句“As I went on, I became increasingly awarethat one could stay within the constraints and indeed within the so-calledformula of the classic detective story and still write a good, serious andrevealing novel about human beings.”可知，即使作家受到传统侦探小说的影响，也仍然可以创作出优秀的小说作品。B选项是对这句话的同义改写，因此答案为B。

Passage 2

Questions 6-10 are based on the following passage:

There are very few big adventures left and very few heroes. Children’s storiesused to specialize in them— courageous explorers with sunburnt, leatheryskin and eyes narrowed by straining to see into far horizons on their journeysinto the unknown.

These days you no longer find such people in fiction, let alone in real life. Orso I thought until I met Charles Blackmore.

Blackmore’s great adventure consisted of leading an expedition across one ofthe last unexplored places on earth, the Taklamakan Desert in western China.Its name means “once entered you never come out”, but local people call itthe Desert of Death. He recalled the dangers and exhilaration of that amazingtrek, in the calm atmosphere of his family home.

The team he led was composed of four Britons (one of them the party’smedical officer), an American photographer, four Chinese (all experts on thearea), 30 camels and six camel handlers. It later turned out that the camel

handlers had never worked with camels before, but were long-distance lorrydrivers: a misunderstanding that could have cost everyone their lives andcertainly jeopardized the expedition’s success. This mixed bunch set out tocross 1,200 kilometers of the world’s least hospitable desert and CharlesBlackmore has written a mesmerizing account of their journey.At the time, he was about to leave the Army after 14 happy years. Helaunched the expedition for fun, to fill a gap in his life, to prove something. “Ihad always assumed I’d spend my whole life in the Army. I had been offeredpromotion but suddenly I felt I wanted to see who Charles Blackmore reallywas, outside all that. It was a tremendous gamble. Tina, my wife, was veryworried that I wouldn’t come back as nobody had ever done that route; wewent into it blind. In the event, it took 59 days to cross from west to east, andthe desert was very kind to us.”

Anyone reading his extraordinary account of that crossing will wonder at theuse of the word “kind”. The team suffered unspeakable hardships: dysentery;extremes of temperature; sever thirst and dehydration; the loss of part of theirprecious water supply. “But”, Blackmore explains, “when we were at thelimits of our own endurance and the camels had gone without water for sevendays, we managed to find some. We didn’t experience the Taklamakan’slegendary sandstorms. And we never hit the raw, biting desert cold thatwould have totally immobilized us. That’s not to say that we weren’t fightingagainst hurdles the whole time. The fine sand got into everything, especiallyblisters and wounds. The high dunes were torture to climb, for us and for theheavily laden camels, which often rolled over onto us.”

“What drove me on more than anything else was the need to survive. We had

no contingency plan. Neither our budget nor time allowed one. No aircraftever flew over us. Once we got into the sand hills we were completely on ourown.”

“I knew I had the mental stamina for the trip but I was very scared of myphysical ability to do it. I remember day one-we sat at the edge of the desertand it was such an inferno that you couldn’t breathe. I thought, ‘we’ve got todo it now!’ At that moment I was a very scared man.”

If it was like that at the beginning, how did they feel towards the end? “Whenyou’ve walked for 1,000 kilometers you’re not going to duck out. You’veendured so much; you’ve got so much behind you. We were very thin, butvery muscular and sinewy despite our physical exhaustion. My body waswell-toned and my legs were like pistons. I could walk over anything.”Midway through the book, Blackmore went on to describe lying in the desertgazing up at a full moon, thinking of his family. How conscious was he of theordeal it must have been for them? “Inside me there’s someone trying to findpeace with himself. When I have doubts about myself now, I go back to theimage of the desert and think, well, we managed to pull that together. As apersonal achievement, I feel prouder of that expedition than of anything elseI’ve done. Yet in terms of a lifetime s achievement, I think of my family andthe happiness we share-against that yardstick, the desert does not measure up,does not compare.”

Has Charles Blackmore found peace? “I yearn for the challenge-for the openspaces-the resolve of it all. We were buoyed up by the sense of purpose. Ifind it difficult now to be part of the uniformity of modern life.”

6. Meeting Charles Blackmore changed the writer’s opinion about ______A. the content of children’s fiction.B. the nature of desert exploration.C. the existence of traditional heroes.D. the activities of explorers.

7. When the expedition members set off, some of the group ______A. posed an unexpected risk.B. disagreed with each other.C. were doubtful of success.D. went on ahead of the others.

8. Blackmore had decided to set up the expedition because ______A. he was certain he could complete it.B. he wanted to write a book.C. his aims in life had changed.D. his self-confidence was low.

9. Which of the following best describes the team’s experience of the desert?A. They were not able to have enough rest.

B. It presented continual difficulties.

C. They sometimes could not make any progress at all.D. It was worse than they had expected.

10. How does Blackmore feel now that the expedition is over?A. tired but pleased to be homeB. regretful about his family’s distressC. unsure of his ability to repeat itD. unsettled by the experience【答案与解析】

6. C 由文章第一段的首句“There are very few big adventures left and veryfew heroes.”可知现在已经很少有英雄去大冒险了。第二段提到“如今在小说中都难以找到这种英雄，更何况是现实生活。在遇到CharlesBlackmore之前，我一直这样认为。”因此，Blackmore使作者意识到英雄仍然存在，答案为C。

7. A 由文章第四段的第二句“It later turned out that the camel handlers hadnever worked with camels before, but were long-distance lorry drivers: amisunderstanding that could have cost everyone their lives and certainlyjeopardized the expedition’s success.”可知，驯驼人并不会利用骆驼，这一误解是探索过程中意外的威胁，因此答案为A。

8. C 由文章第五段的第二句“He launched the expedition for fun, to fill a

gap in his life, to prove something.”和第四句中的“... but suddenly I felt Iwanted to see who Charles Blackmore really was,”可知，他改变了生活目标，想要挑战自我。因此答案为C。

9. B 文章第六段从第二句开始，具体描述了探索过程中的困难，A，C项过于片面，而D项与文章不符，这一段的后面提到：他们并未遭受传说中的沙尘暴，因此这比他们预计的情况好。

10. A 由文章倒数第二段的最后两句“As a personal achievement, I feelprouder of that expedition than of anything else I’ve done. Yet in terms of alifetime s achievement, I think of my family and the happiness we share-against that yardstick, the desert does not measure up, does not compare.”可知，这次探索虽然对他而言是了不起的经历，但这与家庭幸福还是无法相比的。因此答案为A。

Passage 3

Questions 11-15 are based on the following passage:

Southwell in Nottinghamshire is full of surprises. The first is Britain’s least-known ancient cathedral, Southwell Minster, celebrated by writers of anenvironmental disposition for the pagan figures of “green” men whichmedieval craftsmen carved into the decorations in its thirteenth-centurychapter house. The second, appropriately enough, is Britain’s greenestdwelling, the “autonomous house”, designed and built by Robert and BrendaVale.

The Vales use rainwater for washing and drinking, recycle their sewage into

garden compost and heat their house with waste heat from electricalappliances and their own body heat, together with that of their three teenagechildren and their two cats, Edison and Faraday. You could easily miss thetraditional-looking house, roofed with clay pantiles, on a verdant corner plot300 yards from the Minster. It was designed to echo the burnt-orange brick ofthe town’s nineteenth-century buildings and won approval from the plannerseven though it is in a conservation area.

Ring the solar-powered doorbell and there is total silence. The house is super-insulated, with krypton-filled triple-glazed windows, which means that youdo not hear a sound inside. Once inside and with your shoes off (at Robert’sinsistence), there is a monastic stillness. It is a sunny summer’s day, thewindows are closed and the conservatory is doing its normal job of warmingthe air before it ventilates the house. Vale apologizes and moves through thehouse, opening ingenious ventilation shafts and windows. You need to createdraughts because draught-proofing is everywhere: even Edison and Faradayhave their own air-locked miniature door.

The Vales who teach architecture at Nottingham University, were seriousabout the environment long before it hit the political agenda. They wrote abook on green architecture back in the 1970s, The Autonomous House. Theybegan by designing a building which emitted no carbon dioxide. Then theygot carried away and decided to do without mains water as well. Theydesigned composting earth closets, lowered rainwater tanks into the cellar,and specified copper gutters to protect the drinking water, which they passthrough two filters before use. Water form washing runs into the garden (theVales don’t have a dishwasher because they believe it is morally

unacceptable to use strong detergents). Most details have a similar statementin mind.

“We wanted people to see that it was possible to design a house which wouldbe far less detrimental to the environment, without having to live in the dark,”says Robert. “It would not be medieval.” The house’s only medieval aspect isaesthetic: the hall, which includes the hearth and the staircase, rises the fullheight of the building.

The Vales pay no water bills. And last winter the house used only nine unitsof electricity a day costing about 70p-which is roughly what other fourbedroomed houses use on top of heating. Soon it will use even less, when £20,000 worth of solar water heating panels and generating equipment arriveand are erected m the garden. The house will draw electricity from the mainssupply for cooking and running the appliances, but will generate a surplus ofelectricity. There will even be enough, one day, to charge an electric car. Theonly heating is a small wood-burning stove in the hall, which the Vales claimnot to use except in the very coldest weather.

So is it warm in winter? One night in February when I happened to call onhim, Robert was sitting reading. It was too warm to light the fire, he said. Theroom temperature on the first floor was 18°C, less than the generallyexpected temperature of living areas, but entirely comfortable, he claimed,because there are no draughts, no radiant heat loss, since everything youtouch is at the same temperature. Perceived temperature depends on thefactors. An Edwardian lady in the early years of the twentieth century wasentirely comfortable at 12.5°C, he says, because of the insulation provided byher clothing. Those people who live in pre-1900 housing, he suggests, should

simply go back to living as people did then. Somehow, it is difficult to thinkof this idea catching on.

The house’s secret is that it is low-tech and there is little to go wrong. Almosteverything was obtained from a builder’s merchant and installed by localcraftsmen. They made the house cheap to build-it cost the same price persquare metre as low-cost housing for rent. Not surprisingly, the commercialbuilding companies are determinedly resisting this idea.

11. According to the writer, the exterior of the Vales’ house is ______A. unique.B. modern.C. controversial.D. unremarkable.

12. Why did Robert Vale apologize to the writer on his arrival?A. The ventilation system had failed.B. The temperature was uncomfortable.

C. The conservatory was not functioning properly.D. The draughts were unwelcome.

13. What does the writer suggest about environmental issues in the fourthparagraph?

A. They have always been a difficult topic.B. They have become a subject of political debate.C. The Vales have changed their views in recent years.

D. The Vales have begun to take a political interest in the subject.14. What does the writer imply about the decision not to use mains water inthe Vales’ house?A. It was impractical.B. It was later regretted.C. It was an extreme choice.D. It caused unexpected problems.

15. According to Robert Vale, the house was comfortable in Februarybecause ______

A. no variations in temperature could be noticed.B. 18℃ was acceptable for ordinary houses.C. it was not a particularly cold winterD. he had got used to the temperature.【答案与解析】

11. D 由文章第二段的第二句“You could easily miss the traditional-

looking house ...”可知，这种房子看起来很传统，D选项正是对traditional-looking的同义改写。因此答案为D。

12. A 由文章第三段的“... the conservatory is doing its normal job ofwarming the air before it ventilates the house. Vale apologizes and movesthrough the house, opening ingenious ventilation shafts and windows.”可知，通风系统出现了问题，所以Vale打开窗户通风。因此答案为A。13. B 由文章第四段的“The Vales who teach architecture at NottinghamUniversity, were serious about the environment long before it hit the politicalagenda.”可知，环境问题后来出现在政治议程中，B选项正能表达出这一含义。

14. C 由文章第四段的“Then they got carried away and decided to dowithout mains water as well.”可知，作者认为他们这样做是失控的，即这是一种极端的做法。因此答案为C。

15. A 由文章倒数第二段中“since everything you touch is at the sametemperature. Perceived temperature depends on the factors.”可知，周围的温度都是相同的，所以人感知的温度都是一样的，没有变化。A选项正是这一含义的同义改写。

Passage 4

Questions 16-20 are based on the following passage:

One minute into annual inspection and things are already going wrong for theGlobe Hotel. Not that they know it yet. The receptionist reciting room rates

over the phone to a potential guest is still blissfully unaware of the identity ofthe real guest she is doggedly ignoring. “Hasn’t even acknowledged us,” SueBrown says out of the corner of her mouth. “Very poor.” It is a classicarrival-phase error, and one that Sue has encountered scores of times in her11 years as an inspector. “But this isn’t an ordinary three-star place,” sheprotests. “It has three red stars, and I would expect better.”

To be the possessor of red stars means that the Globe is rated among the top130 of the 4,000 listed in the hotel guide published by the organization sheworks for. However, even before our frosty welcome, a chill has entered theair. Access from the car park has been via an unmanned door, operated by animpersonal buzzer, followed by a long, twisting, deserted corridor leading tothe hotel entrance. “Again, not what I had expected,” says Sue.

Could things get worse? They could. “We seem to have no record of yourbooking,” announces the receptionist, in her best sing-song how-may-I-help-you voice.

It turns out that a dozen of the hotel’s 15 rooms are unoccupied that night.One is on the top floor. It is not to the inspector’s taste: stuffiness is onecriticism, the other is a gaping panel at the back of the wardrobe, behindwhich is a large hole in the wall.

When she began her inspecting career, she earned an early reputation fortoughness. “The Woman in Black, I was known as,” she recalls, “which wasfunny, because I never used to wear black. And I’ve never been too tough.”Not that you would know it the next morning when, after paying her bill, shesuddenly reveals her identity to the Globe’s general manager, Robin Greaves.

From the look on his face, her arrival has caused terror.

Even before she says anything else, he expresses abject apologies for theunpleasant smell in the main lounge. “We think there’s a blocked drainthere,” he sighs. “The whole floor will probably have to come up.” Suegently suggests that as well as sorting out the plumbing, he might also prevailupon his staff not to usher guests into the room so readily. “Best, perhaps, tosteer them to the other lounge,” she says. Greaves nods with glum enthusiasmand gamely takes notes. He has been at the Globe for only five months, andyou can see him struggling to believe Sue when she says that this dissectionof the hotel can only be for the good of the place in the long run.Not that it’s all on the negative side. Singled out for commendation areEmma, the assistant manager, and Trudy, the young waitress, who dished outa sheaf of notes about the building’s 400-year history. Dinner, too, has doneenough to maintain the hotel’s two-rosette food rating, thereby encouragingGreaves to push his luck a bit. “So what do we have to do to get threerosettes?” he enquires. Sue’s suggestions include: “Not serve a pudding thatcollapses.” The brief flicker of light in Greaves’ eyes goes out.

It is Sue Brown’s unenviable job to voice the complaints the rest of us morecowardly consumers do not have the courage to articulate. “Sometimes onecan be treading on very delicate ground. I remember, in one case, a womanrang to complain I’d got her son the sack. All I could say was the truth, whichwas that he’d served me apple pie with his fingers.” Comeback letters involvespurious allegations of everything, from a superior attitude to demandingbribes. “You come to expect it after a while, but it hurts every time,” shesays.

Sue is required not just to relate her findings to the hotelier verbally, but alsoto send them a full written report. They are, after all, paying for the privilegeof her putting them straight. (There is an annual fee for inclusion in theguide.) Nevertheless, being singled out for red-star treatment makes it morethan worthwhile. So it is reassuring for Greaves to hear that Sue is not goingto recommend that the Globe be stripped of its red stars. That is the goodnews. The bad is that another inspector will be back in the course of the nexttwo months to make sure that everything has been put right. “Good” smilesGreaves unconvincingly. “We’ll look forward to that.”

16. When Sue Brown arrived at the hotel reception desk, ______A. the receptionist pretended not to notice she was there.B. she was not surprised by what happened there.C. she decided not to form any judgments immediately.D. the receptionist was being impolite on the phone.

17. On her arrival at the hotel, Sue was dissatisfied with ______A. the temperature in the hotel.B. the sound of the receptionist’s voice.C. the position of the room she was given.D. the distance from the car park to the hotel.18. What does the writer say about Sue’s reputation?

A. It has changed.B. It frightens people.C. It is thoroughly undeserved.D. It causes Sue considerable concern.

19. When talking about the problem in the main lounge, Robin Greaves______

A. assumes that Sue is unaware of it.B. blames the problem on other people.

C. doubts that Sue’s comments will be of benefit to the hotel.D. agrees that his lack of experience has contributed to the problem.20. When Sue leaves the hotel, Robin Greaves ______A. is confident that the next inspection will be better.B. feels he has succeeded in giving her a good impression.C. decides to ignore what she has told him about the hotel.D. tries to look pleased that there will be another inspection.【答案与解析】

16. C 由文章第一段的最后一句“‘But this isn’t an ordinary three-starplace,’ she protests. ‘It has three red stars, and I would expect better.’”可

知，她对这里仍然抱有期待，因此决定不会马上下结论，答案为C。17. D 由文章第二段的第三句“Access from the car park has been via anunmanned door, operated by an impersonal buzzer, followed by a long,twisting, deserted corridor leading to the hotel entrance.”可知，她对于停车场到酒店这段路不满意，表现在buzzer，deserted等用词，因此答案为D。

18. B 由文章第五段首句中的“... she earned an early reputation fortoughness.”和最后一句的“her arrival has caused terror.”可知，她的名声令人畏惧。因此答案为B。

19. C 由题目中的关键词the problem in the main lounge可定位到文章第六段，这里最后一句说道“you can see him struggling to believe Sue when shesays that this dissection of the hotel can only be for the good of the place inthe long run.”，可知他对Sue的建议简直不敢相信，因此答案为C。20. D 由文章最后一段的末句“‘Good’ smiles Greaves unconvincingly.‘We’ll look forward to that.’”可知，他并非笑得发自内心，因此答案为D。

Ⅳ. Translation (40 points)1. Chinese to English (20 points)

谁曾在阴沉微雨的早晨，独自飘浮在岩石下面的一个小船上的，就能感到宇宙的静默凄黯的美。

岩石和海，都被阴雾笼盖得白的，海浪仍旧缓进缓退的，洗那岩石。这

小船儿好似海鸥一般，随着拍浮。这浓雾的海上，充满了沉郁，无聊，一一全世界也似乎和它都没有干涉，只有我管领了这静默凄黯的美。两只桨平放在船舷上，一条铁索将这小船系在岩边，我一个人坐在上面，倒也丝毫没有惧怕，一一纵然随水飘了去，父亲还会将我找回来。【参考译文】

Whoever once floated alone in a small boat under the rock on a gloomymorning, can feel the silence of the universe.

The rocks and the sea are white with mist, and the waves are still washing therocks away. The little boat floated like a seagull. This foggy sea, full ofdepression and boredom, seemed to have no interference from the wholeworld. Only I could enjoy this silent beauty.

Two paddles were laid flat on the ship, and a rope tied the boat to the rock. Isat on it alone, not afraid at all. Even if I drifted with the water, my fatherwould bring me back.

2. English to Chinese (20 points)

Children are extraordinarily good at finding meanings for words—and wordsfor meanings. In fact, they seem to be “primed” for this task before they evenlearn to speak, perhaps because words and their meanings help them organizeand categorize the bewildering world that surrounds them.

In one experiment, a group of nine-month-old infants were shown a series ofrabbit pictures as the experimenter said “a rabbit” each time. Another group

saw the same pictures, but heard a tone instead. Both groups were then showntwo pictures, one of a rabbit and one of a pig.

The group that had heard the “rabbit” label looked longer at the new animal.The group that had heard the tone made no distinction.

Evidently, hearing a label had helped the first group of infants recognize thecategory “rabbit,” making it easier to see the pig as a new type of animal.Children have a very reasonable word-learning priority: they want to knowthe names for the people and things they’ve been seeing since they wereborn. So their first words tend to have meanings that are very close to home.In another experiment, a young boy over an eight-month period beginningwhen he was eleven months old produced forty three words. Among them,thirty-one are nouns—the type of word best suited for naming people andobjects.

Among the non-nouns likely to show up in any child’s “first fifty” list arewords to comment on disappearance and absence, the success or failure of anaction, denial or rejection, calls for attention, vertical motion, andcontainment or attachment.【参考译文】

孩子们非常善于发现词语的含义和词义。事实上，在他们学会说话之前，他们似乎就已经为这项任务“做好了准备”，也许是因为词语及其含义有助于他们认识令人眼花缭乱的世界。

在一项实验中，一组9个月大的婴儿看到了一系列兔子的图片，实验者每次都会说“一只兔子”。而另一组同样大的婴儿看到的是相同的照片，

但听到的却是一种声音。然后两组婴儿都看了两张照片，分别是兔子和猪。

结果表明：听到“一只兔子”的小组看猪的照片时间会更长。而听到声音的小组看这两张照片的时间则没有区别。

显然，听到“一只兔子”能帮助第一组婴儿认识出“兔子”这一类别，从而更容易将猪视为令一种新动物。

孩子们有一个合理的单词学习优先顺序：他们想学习自出生以来所看到的人和事物的名称。因此他们最先学会的词往往具有家庭的意义。在另一项实验中，一个小男孩从11个月大开始，在8个月的时间里说出了43个单词。其中有31个是名词——这类词都适合来命名人和物。任何一个孩子优先学习的“前50个词”列表中，还有一些非名词，包括：消失和出现、行为的成功或失败、否认或拒绝、要求关注、上下运动、控制或依恋。Ⅴ. Writing (30 points)

You read the extract below taken from an interview in a media magazine. TheEditor has invited readers to contribute articles entitled “Books-AnEndangered Species?” Write a 300-word article responding to the issuesraised and expressing your own views. Marks will be awarded for content,organization, style and language. Failure to follow the above instructions mayresult in a loss of marks.

Write your response on Answer Sheet.

Some people believe that books are an endangered species, fighting forsurvival in competition with TV, film, the Internet and CD-ROMs. But Ibelieve books provide unique intellectual pleasures. The mind is free to createits own images, rather than passively receiving them from a TV or computerscreen. It’s just as easy to open a book as it is to switch on the TV orcomputer, and often more convenient.

Some people claim that competition is more important than co-operation inthe present-day society. How far do you agree OR disagree with thesepeople? You are to write a composition of about 300 words on the followingtopic.【参考范文】

When it comes to books, most people tend to consider them to be boring,compared with TVs or computers. With the development of science andtechnology, some people wonder whether the books would be replaced ornot. Personally speaking, the answer is totally not. Because it is obvious thatbooks can definitely overwhelm TVs or computers from some aspects.To begin with, you are able to get inner peace in your mind while readingbooks. As a well-known saying goes, reading a good book is like talking witha wise person. That is to say, you can benefit a lot from reading. And duringthis process, you would get down to think deeply about profound lifephilosophy. However, what TVs or computers bring you is just fun, withoutan opportunity to think deeply.

In addition, books would not become endangered in terms of class.Nowadays, there is no doubt books remain the most important learning

materials for class. It is impractical for students to learn without books wherethey could make some notes easily to improve their learning efficiency. Justimagine, how it could be if students attend class without books?

One point to be added is that books are the fruit of human civilization whichhave unique features and would not disappear easily. For example, readingthrough books is beneficial for your eyes and free from the limit ofelectricity, compared with computers or other electronic products.To sum up, it is impossible for books to become endangered consideringwhat have been mentioned above. It is time for us to open a book and enjoyit.

【范文点评】

文章第一段开篇点题，即书籍是否会濒临灭绝。随着社会的发展，这个问题值得人们去思考。作者的观点是书籍不会灭绝，随后在接下来的几段给出理由。

首先是书籍可以令人潜心阅读，感受书中的真谛，不受外界环境诱惑。然后指出书籍仍然是教学的主要材料，在学生培养方面起着至关重要的作用。最后说明书籍作为人类文明的结晶，通过举例说明其自有独特之处，不会轻易灭绝。

文章结尾最后再次重申观点，并呼吁人们一起阅读书籍。

2018年江西师范大学外国语学院716综合英语考研真题及详解

Ⅰ. Vocabulary: (20×1 points)

There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there arefour choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes thesentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.

1. In the General Linguistics course, students must take tests at weekly______.A. gapsB. lengthC. intervalsD. distance【答案】C

【解析】句意：在普通语言学课程中，学生必须每隔一周参加一次测试。interval间隔；每隔……时间。gap差距；间断。length长度。distance距离；远方。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

2. The environment pollution is getting worse. Governments of manycountries are taking ______ to prevent it.A. decisionsB. directionsC. sidesD. steps【答案】D

【解析】句意：环境污染日益严重。各国都在采取措施防止污染。step步骤；措施。decision决定。direction方向；指导。side一边；一侧。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

3. The mere ______ of him makes me want to scream.A. sightB. lookC. viewD. form【答案】A

【解析】句意：我一见到他就想尖叫。sight看见的事物；景象。look看；看起来。view观察，视野。form形式，外形。因此，本题的正确答

案为A。

4. Free medical treatment in this country covers sickness of mind as well as______ sicknesses.A. normalB. regularC. averageD. ordinary【答案】D

【解析】句意：这个国家的免费医疗包括精神病和一般的疾病。ordinary普通的；一般的。normal正常的；标准的。regular有规律的；定期的。average平均的。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

5. Although he had looked through all the reference material on the subject,he still found it hard to understand this point and her explanation only ______to his confusion.A. extendedB. addedC. amounted

D. turned【答案】B

【解析】句意：尽管他查阅了关于这个问题的所有参考资料，他仍然很难理解这一点，且她的解释只是增加了他的困惑。add to增加。amountto总计。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

6. A completely new situation will ______ when the examination systemcomes into existence.A. ariseB. riseC. raiseD. arouse【答案】A

【解析】句意：当考试系统形成时候，一个全新的局面将会出现。考察词语辨析：rise上升；增强。arise出现；上升。raise提高；筹集。arouse引起；觉醒。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

7. It took him several months to ______ the wild horse.A. tend

B. breedC. cultivateD. tame【答案】D

【解析】句意：他花了几个月的时间才驯服了那匹野马。tame驯服。tend照料，倾向。breed繁殖，养育。cultivate培养，陶冶。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

8. Americans ______ have eggs, some meat, toast, fruit and coffee atbreakfast.A. normallyB. continuouslyC. consequentlyD. traditionally【答案】A

【解析】句意：美国人早饭通常喝咖啡，吃鸡蛋、肉、烤面包和水果。normally正常地；通常地。continuously不断地；连续地。consequently因此。traditionally传统上。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

9. I’ll be unable to join you. Please ______ my name from the list.A. get rid ofB. take awayC. removeD. turn off【答案】C

【解析】句意：很抱歉地说我不能加入你们了，请把我的名字从名单中移除。考查词语辨析。remove移除。get rid of摆脱。take away拿走。turn off关闭。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

10. The results were ______ in comparison with the effort required to achievethem.A. insignificantB. tinyC. minorD. indispensable【答案】C

【解析】句意：比起获得这些所需要付出的努力，最后的结果倒显得是次要的。minor次要的。insignificant微不足道的。tiny微小的。

indispensable必不可少的。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

11. Cambridge has announced plans to establish a business school ______ themaster’s degree in business administration.A. representingB. presentingC. offeringD. supplying【答案】C

【解析】句意：剑桥大学宣布将计划成立一个能够授予工商管理硕士学位资格的商学院。offer给予。represent代表。present呈现，赠与。supply供应。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

12. It’s not fair that you come home after a bad day at work and ______ yourwife and children.A. take it out onB. take out it onC. take out onD. take on it with

【答案】A

【解析】句意：你不能在工作中有不顺心的事，然后回家在老婆孩子身上发泄。take it out on把自己的愤怒发泄在……身上。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

13. She put an extra blanket over the baby for fear that ______.A. he catches coldB. he should catch coldC. he caught coldD. he be catching cold【答案】B

【解析】句意：她在婴儿身上多盖了一个毯子，以防他感冒。考查虚拟语气，for fear that意为“唯恐，以免”，后接虚拟语气，即（should）＋动词原形。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

14. Mary will not be able to come to the birthday party as she is ______ witha cold.A. laid outB. laid up

C. laid byD. laid down【答案】B

【解析】句意：玛丽因感冒卧床，不能来参加生日聚会了。lay up因病卧床。lay out摆放。lay by储存，搁置。lay down放下，制定。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

15. She often says her greatest happiness ______ serving the handicappedchildren.A. relies onB. consists inC. composes ofD. comprises in【答案】B

【解析】句意：她常说自己最大的幸福在于为残疾儿童服务。consist in在于；存在于。rely on依靠；依赖。be composed of由……组成。没有comprise in搭配。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

16. To make this ______ clear we shall have to look closely into biology’slong history.

A. distinctionB. indicationC. recognitionD. constitution【答案】A

【解析】句意：为了搞清楚这一差别，我们必须认真地审视一下生物学发展的漫长历史。distinction区别；差异。indication标示；迹象。recognition承认；识别。constitution；。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

17. Most importantly, such an experience helps ______ a heightenedsensitivity to other cultures and will bring about a greater appreciation ofone’s own culture as well.A. coachB. forsakeC. fosterD. censor【答案】C

【解析】句意：最重要的是，这样的经历能促进人们加深对其他文化的

感受，并使他们更加欣赏自己的文化。foster促进；培养。coach训练；指导。forsake放弃。censor审查；检查。因此，本题的正确答案为C。

18. When Ann broke the dish she tried to put the ______ back together.A. fragmentsB. piecesC. bitsD. slices【答案】A

【解析】句意：安把盘子打碎后，想把碎片再合在一起。fragment碎片；碎块。piece块；片。bit小块；少量。slice薄片；切片。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

19. Basically a robot is a machine which moves, manipulates, joins orprocesses ______ in the same way as human hand or arm.A. charactersB. componentsC. cataloguesD. collections

【答案】B

【解析】句意：机器人主要是一台机器，它能像人的手或胳膊一样移动、操纵、连接和加工零件。component零件，成分。character性格。catalogue目录。collection收集。因此，本题的正确答案为B。

20. Of course, talking about something which affects them personally is______ motivating for students.A. chieflyB. correctlyC. currentlyD. eminently【答案】D

【解析】句意：当然，亲自谈论一些影响学生的事明显对他们有积极作用。eminently突出地；显著地。chiefly主要地。correctly正确地。currently当前。因此，本题的正确答案为D。

Ⅱ. Fill each of the numbered blanks in the passage with one suitable word.(20×1 points)

Introduced to help enforce price controls in the fuel-hungry 1970s, America’sban on crude-oil exports was all (1)______ forgotten when the economyboomed and imports soared.

Now it is in the news again. It keeps American crude, measured by the WestTexas Intermediate benchmark, around $10 (2)______ the world price.Cash-strapped oilmen would like to sell their product abroad—just like anyother industry—and are lobbying to (3)______ the ban. A study by IHS, aconsultancy, says that free trade in crude would boost output, investment,jobs, pay, profits and tax revenues—and GDP (4)______ $86 billion.It would not raise petrol prices: these are (5)______ in the (freely traded)world market. Most likely they would fall a bit.

But politicians are fearful. Sooner or later, the petrol price will go (6)______again—and anyone who voted to allow precious hydrocarbons to be(7)______ to foreigners will be in the firing line.

Supporters of the ban argue that it not only keeps prices low. It protects jobs,and also helps national security, by promoting self-sufficiency.

Some of these (8)______ are contradictory. At a Senate hearing last weekJeffrey of Monroe Energy, speaking on (9)______ of a lobby group called theCRUDE Coalition, argued that the export ban kept the petrol price low.He also said exports would mean “petroleum products refined in Europe butderived from American crude returning to our shores”—but that would(10)______ only if those products were competitive, and consumers wantedthem.

It is also hard to argue that the ban boosts economic security. It (11)______America’s moral authority at the World Trade Organization, (12)______ the

administration berates China, for example, for imposing export bans onscarce minerals. American crude-oil exports would also hurt hostilepetrostates such as Russia and Iran.

The mood may be shifting (13)______ the ban.

Some refiners would be sorry to lose their artificially cheap raw materials.But they would accept instead what they (14)______ a “comprehensive”policy, meaning laxer rules on renewable fuels, and a change in the JonesAct.

This is an even more archaic law which bans foreign ships from carryingcargo between American ports. It (15)______ shipowners and unions, butimposes a hefty cost on anyone wanting to send a tanker from, (16)______, arefinery on the Gulf coast to a port in the north-east.

Politics may trump logic. The administration supports lifting the ban, and(17)______ do many in Congress. But each wants the other to take the(18)______.

And Republicans are chary of almost anything done by the executive branch,such as new rules announced last week to restrict fracking on federal land.(19)______, the mood at the Senate hearing gave free traders grounds foroptimism.

“They were asking questions and listening to the arguments,” says a jadedobserver, (20)______ rather surprised.【答案与解析】

1. but

（句意：在20世纪70年代石油紧缺的时候，美国制定了对原油出口的以控制油价。但是，当经济繁荣、石油进口猛增的时候，这项几乎被忘记了。all but几乎；差不多。）2. below

(句意：这项使美国原油的价格比国际油价低了十美元。)3. lift

(句意：资金短缺的石油商希望将自己的产品卖到海外去，正如其他行业，开始游说取消这一。lift the ban 表示“取消”。)4. by

(前面提到：原油贸易可以促进投资、增加税收。因此能够使GDP达到860亿美元。)5. set

(set意为“固定的”。)6. up

(句意：但是政客都很害怕。早晚，油价是要上去的。up在这里表示“价格上升”。)7. sold

(句意：任何一个赞成出口石油的人都将有可能受到攻击。sold to

foreigners表示“出口”。)8. arguments

(句意：有些争辩是矛盾的。)9. behalf

(考查短语，on behalf of表示“代表”。)10. happen

(句意：只有当这些产品具有竞争力，而且消费者想要这些产品时，这种情况才会发生。)11. undermines

(这里的undermine表示“逐渐破坏”。)12. where

(where是关系副词，引导定语从句，修饰前面的World TradeOrganization，且从句中不缺主语和宾语。)13. against

(这里against表示“反对”。)14. call

(句意：但他们会接受他们所谓的“全面”。)15. delights

(but表示转折，后面提到：这项法律造成一些人成本增加。所以前面应该是有利的影响，与后面的不利影响形成对比。)16. say

(say在这里表示“比方说；假设”。)17. so

(句意：支持解除禁令，因此在国会中做了大量工作。)18. lead

(take the lead表示“带头”。)19. Nonetheless(这里表示“尽管如此”)20. which

(which引导非性定语从句，指代前面提的整句话。)Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension (20×2 points)

There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questionsor unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B,C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and write the correspondingletter on the Answer Sheet.

Passage 1

Questions 1-5 based on the following passage:

Animal signals, such as the complex songs of birds, tend to be costly. A bird,by singing, may forfeit time that could otherwise be spent on other importantbehaviors such as foraging or resting. Singing may also advertise anindividual’s location to rivals or predators and impair the ability to detecttheir approach. Although these types of cost may be important, discussions ofthe cost of singing have generally focused on energy costs. Overall theevidence is equivocal: for instance, while Eberhardt found increases inenergy consumption during singing for Carolina wrens, Chappell found noeffect of crowing on energy consumption in roosters.

To obtain empirical data regarding the energy costs of singing, Thomasexamined the relationship between song rate and overnight changes in bodymass of male nightingales. Birds store energy as subcutaneous fat deposits or“body reserves”; changes in these reserves can be reliably estimated bymeasuring changes in body mass. If singing has important energy costs,nightingales should lose more body mass on nights when their song rate ishigh. Thomas found that nightingales reached a significantly higher bodymass at dusk and lost more mass overnight on nights when their song ratewas high.

These results suggest that there may be several costs of singing at nightassociated with body reserves. The increased metabolic cost of possessinghigher body mass contributes to the increased overnight mass loss. Thestrategic regulation of evening body reserves is also likely to incur additional

costs, as nightingales must spend more time foraging in order to build uplarger body reserves. The metabolic cost of singing itself may also contributeto increased loss of reserves. This metabolic cost may arise from themuscular and neural activity involved in singing or from behaviors associatedwith singing. For example, birds may expend more of their reserves onthermoregulation if they spend the night exposed to the wind on a song postthan if they are in a sheltered roost site. Thomas’s data therefore show thatwhether or not singing per se has an important metabolic cost, metaboliccosts associated with singing can have an important measurable effect on abird’s daily energy budget, at least in birds with high song rates such asnightingales.

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to ______

A. compare the different types of cost involved for certain birds in singingB. present evidence suggesting that singing has an important energy cost forcertain birds

C. discuss the benefits provided to an organism by a behavior that is costly inenergy

D. describe an experiment that supports an alternative model of how birdsongfunctions

2. The passage implies that during the day before a night on which a malenightingale’s song rate is high, that nightingale probably does which of thefollowing?

A. Expends less of its reserves on thermoregulation than on other days

B. Stores more energy as body reserves than on other daysC. Hides to avoid predatorsD. forage and rest

3. It can be inferred from the passage that compared with other costs ofsinging, which of the following is true of the energy costs of singing?A. They are the single greatest cost to an individual bird.B. They are confirmed by Chappell’s research.C. They vary less from one bird species to another.

D. They have generally received more attention from scientists.4. What evidence Thomas gathered shows the effect of energy costs insinging?

A. the correlation between song rate and overnight changes in body massB. the increase of body reserves that nightingales accumulate during the dayC. the loss of body reserves that are measured on nightsD. the change of song rates

5. Which of the following statements is FALSE?A. singing results in a very important metabolic costB. some of the mass loss has nothing to do with singing

C. a cold night may incur more mass loss than a warm one

D. the more body reserves nightingales possess, the more mass they will lose【答案与解析】

1. B 推理判断题。结合全文内容，文章重点在于有关鸟类唱歌时所耗能量的证据。因此答案为B。

2. B 根据原文第二段第二句“Birds store energy as subcutaneous fatdeposits or ‘body reserves’”可知，鸟类以皮下脂肪沉积的形式储存能量。因此答案为B。

3. D 根据原文第一段第四句“discussions of the cost of singing havegenerally focused on energy costs”，可知D选项是它的同义改写。因此答案为D。

4. C 根据原文第二段最后一句“Thomas found that nightingales reached asignificantly higher body mass at dusk and lost more mass overnight onnights when their song rate was high.”可知，夜莺在晚上歌唱的时候会消耗大量能量。因此答案为C。

5. D 由文章可知，夜莺能量消耗与唱歌有关，并非是“夜莺自身能量越多，消耗就越多”。因此答案为D。

Passage 2

Questions 6-10 are based on the following passage:

Until recently, many anthropologists assumed that the environment of what isnow the southwestern United States shaped the social history and culture ofthe region’s indigenous peoples. Building on this assumption, archaeologistsasserted that adverse environmental conditions and droughts were responsiblefor the disappearances and migrations of southwestern populations frommany sites they once inhabited.

However, such deterministic arguments fail to acknowledge that localenvironmental variability in the Southwest makes generalizing about thatenvironment difficult. To examine the relationship between environmentalvariation and sociocultural change in the Western Pueblo region of centralArizona, which indigenous tribes have occupied continuously for at least 800years, a research team recently reconstructed the climatic, vegetational, anderosional cycles of past centuries. The researchers found it impossible toprovide a single, generally applicable characterization of environmentalconditions for the region. Rather, they found that local areas experienceddifferent patterns of rainfall, wind, and erosion, and that such conditions hadprevailed in the Southwest for the last 1,400 years. Rainfall, for example,varied within and between local valley systems, so that even adjacentagricultural fields can produce significantly different yields.The researchers characterized episodes of variation in southwesternenvironments by frequency: low-frequency environmental processes occur incycles longer than one human generation, which generally is considered tolast about 25 years, and high-frequency processes have shorter cycles. Theresearchers pointed out that low-frequency processes, such as fluctuations instream flow and groundwater levels, would not usually be apparent to human

populations. In contrast, high-frequency fluctuations such as seasonaltemperature variations are observable and somewhat predictable, so thatgroups could have adapted their behaviors accordingly. When the researcherscompared sequences of sociocultural change in the Western Pueblo regionwith episodes of low- and high-frequency environmental variation, however,they found no simple correlation between environmental process andsociocultural change or persistence.

Although early Pueblo peoples did protect themselves against environmentalrisk and uncertainty, they responded variously on different occasions tosimilar patterns of high-frequency climatic and environmental change. Theresearchers identified seven major adaptive responses, including increasedmobility, relocation of permanent settlements, changes in subsistence foods,and reliance on trade with other groups. These findings suggest that groups’adaptive choices depended on cultural and social as well as environmentalfactors and were flexible strategies rather than uncomplicated reactions toenvironmental change. Environmental conditions mattered, but they wererarely, if ever, sufficient to account for sociocultural persistence and change.Group size and composition, culture, contact with other groups, andindividual choices and actions were—barring catastrophes such as floods orearthquakes—more significant for a population survival than were climateand environment.

6. The passage is primarily concerned with ______.

A. explaining why certain research findings have created controversyB. pointing out the flaws in a research methodology and suggesting a

different approach

C. challenging an explanation of the relationship between environment andculture and offering an alternative explanation

D. elucidating the means by which certain groups have adapted to theirenvironment

7. Which of the following findings would most strongly support the assertionmade by the archaeologists mentioned in Para 1?

A. A population remained in a certain region at least a century after erosionwore away much of the topsoil that sustained grass for their grazing animals.B. The range of a certain group’s agricultural activity increased over acentury of gradual decrease in annual rainfall.

C. As winters grew increasingly mild in a certain region, the nomadicresidents of the region continued to move between their summer and winterencampments.

D. A half century of drought and falling groundwater levels caused a certainpopulation to abandon their settlements along a riverbank.

8. The fact that “adjacent agricultural fields can produce significantlydifferent yields” is offered as evidence of the ______.

A. unpredictability of the climate and environment of the southwesternUnited States

B. difficulty of producing a consistent food supply for a large population in

the Western Pueblo region

C. local climatic variation in the environment of the southwestern UnitedStates

D. high-frequency environmental processes at work in the southwesternUnited States

9. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following activities isNOT an example of a population responding to high-frequencyenvironmental processes?

A. Developing watertight jars in which to collect and store water during therainy season.

B. Building multistory dwellings in low-lying areas to avoid the flashflooding that occurs each summer.

C. Moving a village because groundwater levels have changed over the lastgeneration.

D. Trading with other groups for furs from which to make winter clothes.10. Which one does not belong to high-frequency fluctuation inenvironmental change?

A. Daily variation of temperature.B. Seasonal variation of raining belts.C. Subtropical zone shifted northward.

D. Increasing pollution in environment.【答案与解析】

6. C 由文章第二段的第一句话“这个决定性的论断无法解释西南部当地环境的可变性”可知，这是对原有的解释提出质疑。以及文章最后一段的最后一句“群体规模和组成，文化，其他群体的联系，个人的选择和行动，这些相较于气候和环境，对人口的生存才是重要的”可知，这是提出了新的解释。因此答案为C。

7. D 文章第一段中人类学家的主张是“反转的环境条件和干旱是西南部人口从他们居住地方消失和迁徙的原因。”可知，D选项中“半个世纪的干旱和地下水位不断下降造成一些人放弃他们河岸的定居点”符合这一主张。因此答案为D。

8. C 由文章第二段的倒数第二句“他们发现当地地区经历了不同形式的降雨、风力作用和侵蚀，并且这种环境已经在西南部盛行了1400年。”可知，后面用降雨来举例说明：相邻的农田产量不同。因此答案为C。

9. C 由文章第三段的第二句“low-frequency processes, such as fluctuationsin stream flow and groundwater levels, would not usually be apparent tohuman populations”可知，地下水位的变化不属于high-frequencyprocesses。因此答案为C。

10. D 由文章第三段的第三句“high-frequency fluctuations are observableand somewhat predictable, so that groups could have adapted their behaviorsaccordingly.”可知，A，B，C都是可观察并预测的，因此答案为D。

Passage 3

Questions 11-15 are based on the following passage:

The Return of Artificial Intelligence

It is becoming acceptable again to talk of computers performing human taskssuch as Problem-solving and Pattern-recognition.

After years in the wilderness, the term “Artificial intelligence” (AI) seemspoised to make a comeback. AI was big in the 1980s but vanished in the1990s. It re-entered public consciousness with the release of AI, a movieabout a robot boy. This has ignited public debate about AI, but the term isalso being used once more within the computer industry. Researchers,executives and marketing people are now using the expression without ironyor inverted commas. And it is not always hype. The term is being applied,with some justification, to products that depend on technology that wasoriginally developed by AI researchers. Admittedly, the rehabilitation of theterm has a long way to go, and some firms still prefer to avoid using it. Butthe fact that others are starting to use it again suggests that AI has moved onfrom being seen as an over-ambitious and under-achieving field of research.The field was launched, and the term “Artificial intelligence” coined, at aconference in 1956 by a group of researchers that included Marvin Minsky,John McCarthy, Herbert Simon and Alan Newell, all of whom went on tobecome leading figures in the field. The expression provided an attractive butinformative name for a research programme that encompassed suchpreviously disparate fields as operations research, cybernetics, logic andcomputer science. The goal they shared was an attempt to capture or mimic

human abilities using machines. That said, different groups of researchersattacked different problems, from speech recognition to chess playing, indifferent ways; AI unified the field in name only. But it was a term thatcaptured the public imagination.

Most researchers agree that AI peaked around 1985. A public reared onscience-fiction movies and excited by the growing power of computers hadhigh expectations. For years, AI researchers had implied that a breakthroughwas just around the corner. Marvin Minsky said in 1967 that within ageneration the problem of creating “artificial intelligence” would besubstantially solved. Prototypes of medical-diagnosis programs and speechrecognition software appeared to be making progress. It proved to be a falsedawn. Thinking computers and household robots failed to materialise, and abacklash ensued. There was undue optimism in the early 1980s’, says DavidLeake, a researcher at Indiana University. “Then when people realized thesewere hard problems, there was retrenchment. By the late 1980s, the term AIwas being avoided by many researchers, who opted instead to alignthemselves with specific sub-disciplines such as neural networks, agenttechnology, case-based reasoning, and so on.”

Ironically, in some ways AI was a victim of its own success. Whenever anapparently mundane problem was solved, such as building ä system thatcould land an aircraft unattended, the problem was deemed not to have beenAI in the first place. “If it works, it can’t be AI”, as Dr Leake characterises it.The effect of repeatedly moving the goal-posts in this way was that AI cameto refer to “blue-sky” research that was still years away fromcommercialisation. Researchers joked that AI stood for “almost

implemented”. Meanwhile, the technologies that made it onto the market,such as speech recognition, language translation and decision-supportsoftware, were no longer regarded as AI. Yet all three once fell well withinthe umbrella of AI research.

But the tide may now be turning, according to Dr Leake. HNC Software ofSan Diego, backed by a government agency, reckon that their new approachto artificial intelligence is the most powerful and promising approach everdiscovered. HNC claim that their system, based on a cluster of 30 processors,could be used to spot camouflaged vehicles on a battlefield or extract a voicesignal from a noisy background - tasks humans can do well, but computerscannot. “Whether or not their technology lives up to the claims made for it,the fact that HNC are emphasizing the use of AI is itself an interestingdevelopment”, says Dr Leake.

Another factor that may boost the prospects for AI in the near future is thatinvestors are now looking for firms using clever technology, rather than just aclever business model, to differentiate themselves. In particular, the problemof information overload, exacerbated by the growth of e-mail and theexplosion in the number of web pages, means there are plenty of

opportunities for new technologies to help filter and categorise information—classic AI problems. That may mean that more artificial intelligencecompanies will start to emerge to meet this challenge.

The 1969 film, 2001: A Space Odyssey, featured an intelligent computercalled HAL 9000. As well as understanding and speaking English, HALcould play chess and even learned to lip-read; HAL thus encapsulated theoptimism of the 1960s that intelligent computers would be widespread by

2001. But 2001 has been and gone, and there is still no sign of a HAL-likecomputer. Individual systems can play chess or transcribe speech, but ageneral theory of machine intelligence still remains elusive. It may be,however, that the comparison with HAL no longer seems quite so important,and AI can now be judged by what it can do, rather than by how well itmatches up to a 30-year-old science-fiction film. “People are beginning-torealize that there are impressive things that these systems can do,” says DrLeake hopefully.

11. Which is NOT discussed in the paragraph?A. A threat to military defence.

B. The fact that AI brings together a range of separate research areas.C. The reason why AI has become a common topic of conversation again.D. How AI could help deal with difficulties related to the amount ofinformation available electronically.

12. Why was there undue optimism in the early 1980s?A. Medical-diagnosis programs development made no progress.B. Science-fiction movies on AI were merely out of the blue.C. AI research made some breakthroughs such as speech recognitionsoftware.

D. AI reached its limit of development.

13. According to researchers, in the late 1980s there was a feeling that______

A. a general theory of AI would never be developed.B. original expectations of AI may not have been justified.C. a wide range of applications was close to fruition.D. more powerful computers were the key to further progress.

14. In Dr Leake’s opinion, the reputation of AI suffered as a result of ______A. changing perceptions.B. premature implementation.C. poorly planned projects.D. commercial pressures.

15. The prospects for AI may benefit from ______A. existing AI applications.B. new business models.

C. orders from internet-only companies.D. new investment priorities.【答案与解析】

11. A 文章第六段中只是提到了AI在军事领域的应用，并未指出它是对

军事防御的威胁，因此A选项并未涉及讨论。

12. D 文章第四段的倒数第二句“之后人们意识到这些问题并不好解决，于是就纷纷退出这一领域”可知，AI的发展遭遇瓶颈，因此答案为D。13. B 根据题目关键词late 1980s，定位到文章第四段内容，A，C，D三个答案不是太绝对，就是和文中叙述相反，只有B反映出了80年代末人们对人工智能的看法。因此答案为B。

14. A 由文章第四段的倒数第二句“Then when people realized these werehard problems, there was retrenchment”，retrenchment是“削减，减去，紧缩”的意思，在这里是指人们对人工智能的乐观态度正在消退。因此答案为A。

15. D 根据题目关键词prospect定位到文章倒数第二段，这一段的最后一句话提到“这就意味着更多的人工智能公司会应运而生。”因此答案为D。

Passage 4

Questions 16-20 are based on the following passage:

EDUCATING PSYCHE

Educating Psyche by Beraie Neville is a book which looks at radical newapproaches to learning, describing the effects of emotion, imagination and theunconscious on learning. One theory discussed in the book is that proposedby George Lozanov, which focuses on the power of suggestion.

Lozanov’s instructional technique is based on the evidence that theconnections made in the brain through unconscious processing (which hecalls non-specific mental reactivity) are more durable than those madethrough conscious processing. Besides the laboratory evidence for this, weknow from our experience that we often remember what we have perceivedperipherally, long after we have forgotten what we set out to learn. If wethink of a book we studied months or years ago, we will find it easier to recallperipheral details—the colour, the binding, the typeface, the table at thelibrary where we sat while studying it - than the content on which wereconcentrating. If we think of a lecture we listened to with great concentration,we will recall the lecturer’s appearance and mannerisms, our place in theauditorium, the failure of the air-conditioning, much more easily than theideas we went to learn. Even if these peripheral details are a bit elusive, theycome back readily in hypnosis or when we relive the event imaginatively, asin psychodrama. The details of the content of the lecture, on the other hand,seem to have gone forever.

This phenomenon can be partly attributed to the common counterproductiveapproach to study (making extreme efforts to memorize, tensing muscles,inducing fatigue), but it also simply reflects the way the brain functions.Lozanov therefore made indirect instruction (suggestion) central to histeaching system. In suggestopedia, as he called his method, consciousness isshifted away from the curriculum to focus on something peripheral. Thecurriculum then becomes peripheral and is dealt with by the reserve capacityof the brain.

The suggestopedic approach to foreign language learning provides a good

illustration. In its most recent variant, (1980) it consists of the reading ofvocabulary and text while the class is listening to music. The first session isin two parts. In the first part, the music is classical (Mozart, Beethoven,Brahms) and the teacher reads the text slowly and solemnly, with attention tothe dynamics of the music. The students follow the text in their books. This isfollowed by several minutes of silence. In the second part, they listen tobaroque music (Bach, Corelli, Handel) while the teacher reads the text in anormal speaking voice. During this time they have their books closed. Duringthe whole of this session, their attention is passive; they listen to the musicbut make no attempt to learn the material.

Beforehand, the students have been carefully prepared for the languagelearning experience. Through meeting with the staff and satisfied studentsthey develop expectation that learning will be easy and pleasant and that theywill successfully learn several hundred words of the foreign language duringthe class. In a preliminary talk, the teacher introduce them to the material tobe covered, but does not “teach” it. Likewise, the students are instructed notto try to learn it during this introduction.

Some hours after the two-part session, there is a follow-up class at which thestudents are stimulated to recall the material presented. Once again theapproach is indirect. The students do not focus their attention on trying toremember the vocabulary, but focus on using the language to communicate(e.g. through games or improvised dramatizations). Such methods are notunusual in language teaching. What is distinctive in the suggestopedicmethod is that they are devoted entirely to assisting recall. The “learning” ofthe material is assumed to be automatic and effortless, accomplished while

listening to music. The teacher’s task is to assist the students to apply whatthey have learned paraconsciously, and in doing so to make it easilyaccessible to consciousness. Another difference from conventional teachingis the evidence that students can regularly learn 1000 new words of foreignlanguage during a suggestopedic session, as well as grammar and idiom.Lozanov experimented with teaching by direct suggestion during sleep,hypnosis and trance stages, but found such procedure unnecessary. Hypnosis,yoga, Silva mind-control, religious ceremonies and faith healing are allassociated with successful suggestion, but none of their techniques seem tobe essential to it. Such rituals may be seen as placebos. Lozanov

acknowledges that the ritual surrounding suggestion in his own system is alsoa placebo, but maintains that with such a placebo people are unable to orafraid to tap the reserve capacity of their brains. Like any placebo, it must bedispensed with authority to be effective. Just as a doctor calls on the fullpower of autocratic suggestion by insisting that patient take precisely thiswhite capsule precisely three times a day before meals, Lozanov is categoricin insisting that suggestopedic session be conducted exactly in that mannerdesignated, by trained and accredited suggestopedic teachers.While suggestopedia has gained some notoriety through success in theteaching of modern languages, few teachers are able to emulate thespectacular results of Lozanov and his associates. We can, perhaps, attributemediocre results to and inadequate placebo effect. The students have notdeveloped the appropriate mind set. They are often not motivated to learnthrough this method. They do not have enough “faith”. They do not see it as“real teaching”, especially as it does not seem to involve the “work” they

have learned to believe is essential to learning.

16. The book Educating Psyche is mainly concerned with______.A. the power of suggestion in learning

B. a particular technique for leaning based on emotionsC. the effects of emotion on the imagination and the unconsciousD. ways of learning which are not traditional

17. Lozanov’s theory claims that, when we try to remember things, ______.A. unimportant details are the easiest to recallB. concentrating hard produces the best resultsC. the most significant facts are most easily recalledD. peripheral vision is not important

18. In this passage, the author uses the examples of a book and a lecture toillustrate that______.

A. both these are important for developing concentrationB. his theory about methods of learning is valid

C. reading is a better technique for learning than listeningD. we can remember things more easily under hypnosis19. Lozanov claims that teachers should train students to ______.

A. memorise details of the curriculum

B. develop their own sets of indirect instructions

C. think about something other than the curriculum contentD. avoid overloading the capacity of the brain

20. Which of the following is FALSE according to the passage?A. Students remain passive in a suggestopedic lesson.

B. Prior to the suggestopedia class, students are made aware that the languageexperience will be demanding.

C. In the follow-up class, students can use what the learned previously.D. Lozanov’s experiment shows that direct suggestion is not essential tostudents’ learning.【答案与解析】

16. D 文章首段的第一句“Educating Psyche by Beraie Neville is a bookwhich looks at radical new approaches to learning”中的new即为D选项中的not traditional的同义改写，且approaches对应选项中的ways，因此答案为D。

17. A 由文章第二段的例子可知：我们没有记住书的内容，也没记住演讲的主题，却能够轻易回忆起书的颜色、装订、字体以及演讲者的容貌举止，甚至是礼堂里坏掉的空调，这些小细节与主题相比微不足道。作者所举的例子形象地说明了题干中所说的“当我们努力要记起什么的时

候，我们记住的往往是些无关紧要的细节”，因此答案为A。

18. B 根据题目关键词book，lecture，定位到文章第二段。首先可以将C排除，因为文章并未涉及这个选项的内容。D选项所提到的催眠在第二段根本未被提及，也可以直接排除。A和B两项中，A与文中所述内容不符，文中是用两个例子来说明当我们记忆的时候，记住的往往是无关紧要的细节，而不是用来说明书和演讲对于促进注意力集中的重要性。因此答案为B。

19. C 由文章第三段倒数第二句“In suggestopedia, as he called his method,consciousness is shifted away from the curriculum to focus on somethingperipheral.”可知，选项C中something other than the curriculum content刚好可以和上句中的shifted away from the curriculum to focus on somethingperipheral相对应。即使考生根本不认识peripheral一词，也可以从shiftaway这个词组猜测出来重点被从curriculum上转移到别的东西上去了，因此答案为C。

20. B 题目中的prior to与文章第五段beforehand对照。接着可以由此定位找到文中原句“through meeting with the staff and satisfied students, theydevelop the expectation that learning will be easy and pleasant and ...”。这句话表明通过与老师以及对这种语言学习方式感到满意的学生交流，他们形成了一种期待：那就是接下来的学习将是简单轻松的。原文中的“easy and pleasant”与题目中的demanding互相矛盾，因此答案为B。Ⅳ. Translation (30 points)1. Chinese to English (15 points)

我尝见许多年青的朋友，聪明用功，成绩优异，而语文程度不足以达

意，甚至写一封信亦难得通顺，问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面。又有一位，执笔为文，斐然可诵，而视数理科如仇讐，勉强才能及格，问其故则亦曰其兴趣不在数理方面，而且他们觉得某些科目没有趣味，便撇在一旁视如敝屣，怡然自得，振振有词，略无愧色，好像这就是发扬趣味主义。殊不知天下没有没有趣味的学问，端视吾人如何发掘其趣味，如果在良师指导之下按部就班的循序而进，一步一步的发现新天地，当然乐在其中……【参考译文】

I have come across a great many bright and diligent young friends who havedone exceedingly well in their studies, but are rather weak in Chinese. Theycannot even write a letter in correct Chinese. When I asked them why, theysaid they were not interested in the Chinese language. Some, though they canwrite beautifully, detest the study of mathematics and physics, and barelymanaged to pass the examinations in them. When I asked them why, theysaid they were not interested in them. They cast away whatever subjects theydislike like something utterly worthless. They are so smug and thick-skinnedthat they speak volubly in defense of their own attitude like champions ofinterest-ism. They hardly realize that there is no learning but is capable ofengendering interest and that all depends on how to search for it. You willdevelop a liking for learning if, under the guidance of a good teacher, youstudy to discover new horizons opening up before you one after another byfollowing the proper order and advancing step by step.

2. English to Chinese (15 points)

It was a relief to be in that cool, twilight, not unbeautiful interior after my dayin the burning sun.

After resting and taking a look round I became interested in watching andlistening to the talk of two other visitors who had come in before me. Onewas a slim, rather lean brown-skinned woman, still young but with theincipient crow’s feet, the lines on the forehead, the dusty-looking dark hair,and other signs of time and toil which almost invariably appear in the countrylaborer’s wife before she attains to middle age. She was dressed in a blackgown, presumably her best although it was getting a little rusty. Hercompanion was a fat, red-cheeked young girl in a towny costume, a straw hatdecorated with bright flowers and ribbons, and a string of big coloured beadsabout her neck.

In a few minutes they went out, and when going by me I had a good look atthe woman’s face, for it was turned towards me with an eager questioninglook in her dark eyes and a very friendly smile on her lips. What was theattraction I suddenly found in that sunburnt face? —What did it say to me orremind me of? —What did it suggest?【参考译文】

我在烈日下度过了一天，置身于凉爽的暮色中，而并非室内，这真是一种解脱。

休息之后，我环顾四周，开始对另外两位比我先来的人的谈话产生了兴趣。一个是身材苗条，相当瘦的棕色皮肤的女人，她还很年轻，但已经开始出现鱼尾纹，前额上的皱纹，看上去满是灰尘的黑发，虽然她还未到中年，但从她身上可以看出许多在农民妻子身上出现的、代表辛劳的

特征。她穿着一件黑色的长袍，虽然有点铁锈色，但这大概已经是她最好的衣服了。另一个人是一个胖胖的、双颊通红的年轻姑娘，穿着一套城市的服装，戴着一顶装饰着鲜艳的花朵和丝带的草帽，脖子上挂着一串大大的彩色珠子。

过了几分钟，她们走了出去。当我走过的时候，我仔细地看了看那个女人的脸，因为她的脸正转向我，黑眼睛里充满了急切疑惑，嘴角挂着非常友好的微笑。我突然发现那张被太阳晒黑的脸上有什么吸引人的地方？——它对我说了什么或让我想起了什么？——这说明什么？Ⅴ. Writing (40 points)Requirements:

Write a composition of about 300 words, expressing your opinions andmaking comments on the waste of food.

In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement andin the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriatedetails. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a naturalconclusion with a summary. Marks will be awarded for organization as wellas for syntactic variety and appropriate word choice.Write your response on Answer Sheet.【参考范文】

In daily life, it is easy for you to realize the phenomenon of food waste.Perhaps you think this little bit of nothing to waste and maybe you still think

our country with vast land to grow food. But the fact is China’s populationhas more than 1.3 billion, and unauthorized occupation of cultivated land,land degradation, desertification are becoming more and more serious.Absolute reality cannot be optimistic! Saving food is the obligation of everycitizen.

Wasting food is shameful. People should feel sorry for themselves when theyare wasting the food they possess. For even though most of us can lead agood life nowadays, there are still some people living a suffering life. Justimagine when we enter McDonald’s and KFC to enjoy luxury food, yet thepoor people just expecting some food to get rid of their starvation. In fact, tobe aware of the conservation is very simple: how much to eat a mealcontaining the number, do not throw leftovers. After all, every single grain isthe result of toil. No one should waste it at his or her own will. At present, thegovernment advocates people clean the plates whenever they eat. Thismovement is welcomed by the public, and more people regard it as anenvironmental action, instead of a mean behavior. Besides the measurestaken by government, everyone is able to save food in our daily life.Especially those who want to keep thin and only eat small portion, they tendto waste much food. So it is necessary for them to cook less in order to avoidwasting food.

In the long run, saving food cannot be accomplished at one stroke. That is tosay, let the savings become a habit of us, whenever and wherever possible.【范文点评】

第一段开篇提出如今食物浪费现象严重，且结合事实来说明土地正在日

益减少，节约食物刻不容缓。接下来举例说明食物浪费可耻，并从和个人方面提出如何减少浪费。最后一段指出，解决食物浪费不可能一蹴而就，需要长久坚持下去。