I.阅读理解
A
A new study revealed that the formation of the Earth，Sun and Moon that cause changes in Earth’s tides can also trigger a special kind of Earthquake along the California’s San Andreas Fault(断层).
The study，published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Science，is based on previous researcher suggesting that the gravitational tug of sun and moon is not only affecting the sea levels of Earth，but can also stretch and compress that Earth’s crust，producing tremors and quakes.Furthermore，the new study showed that small tremors deep underground were more likely to occur during certain periods of the tidal cycle.
For the study，the researchers looked at about 81,000 low-frequency earthquakes from 2008 to 2015 along the Parkfield section of the San Andreas Fault and compared it to the two-week tidal cycle known as the “fortnightly tide”. Low-frequency earthquakes are named due to the rumbling sound they make and not by the rate of its occurrence. These kinds of earthquake only occur about 15 to 30 kilometers below ground and are no larger than magnitude 1 in the Richter scale.
The researchers discovered that low-frequency earthquakes tend to occur during the waxing period of the tidal cycle，when the tides are getting little by little. It is already known that the strongest Earth tides occur when the sun and moon are in a straight line，while the tide is at its weakest state when the sun and moon are 90 degrees apart.
According to the researchers，low-frequency earthquakes show that some part of the San Andreas Fault is creeping，or slowly moving，almost all the time.With the help of the tidal forces，low-frequency earthquakes could provide more information about the deeper part of the fault.
“They tell us that the fault continues down below where the regular or typical earthquakes stop on the San Andreas，about 10 or 12 km (about 6 to 7 miles)，” said David Shelly，a seismologist at USGS and helped write the study，in a statement.“And they tell us a lot of things about that deep part of the fault that we had no idea existed at all before.”
“It’s almost like having a lot of little creep meters embedded in the fault，” Shelly said.“We can use these low-frequency earthquakes as measurements of，at least in a relative sense，how much slip is happening at each little spot on the deep part of the fault where we see these events. When we don’t see them，we don’t know what’s happening；we don’t know whether it’s slipping silently or not slipping at all.”
The information is incredibly useful，he added. Whenever the deep part of the fault slips，the stress gets transferred to the shallow part of the fault.
“So if all of a sudden，we saw that the deep part of the fault was slipping a huge amount，it might be an indication that there was an increased chance of having an earthquake come at the shallower part of the fault，” he said.
1.What causes tremors and quakes according to the passage? A.The formation of the Earth，Sun and Moon. B.The change of the sea levels of Earth.
C.The effect of the gravitational tug of sun and moon on Earth’s crust. D.The movement of creeping in the deep part of the San Andreas Fault. 2.The underlined word “they” in Paragraph 6 refers to . A.the researchers B.the tidal forces
C.the low-frequency earthquakes D.the typical earthquakes
3.Low-frequency earthquakes occur when . A.the tides are getting bigger gradually B.the sun and moon are in a straight line C.the sun and moon are 90 degrees apart D.the San Andreas Fault moves slowly
4.According to Shelly，the most important function of the study is . A.to find out where the typical earthquakes occur B.to indicate when the regular earthquakes occur C.to uncover how low-frequency earthquakes occur D.to offer more information about the deeper part of the fault
D
Michael Herr，who has died aged 76，was the author of Dispatches(1977)，the best book about the Vietnam war.Herr also made vital contributions to two of the best films on the war，Apocalypse Now and Full Metal Jacket.
It took Herr eight years to write Dispatches，in part because he went home from Saigon with a bad case of stress disorder. He had gone to Vietnam as a correspondent for Esquire magazine.An American general asked him whether he was there to write about military fashion，and another whether he was there to write humour. No，he told them. He wrote little for Esquire，but took advantage of the US government’s decision to allow correspondents extraordinary access to go to war with the soldiers. He shared their discomforts and their fears，witnessed their death and recorded their language.
His own language，a stream of consciousness pulsing with energy，but masterfully controlled，captured the fear and the horror，but also the excitement，of the war in the jungle and paddy
fields.“So much beauty”，he recalled，“and so much pleasure”.He recorded with a connoisseur’s expertise(行家专长) such details as the many ways in which soldiers would wish each other good luck，and the degrees of madness that were considered acceptable.
He identified with the young soldiers and learned in the first few days that you could not affect neutrality(中立).“If you are neutral，you don’t get it，” said he.He generally did not carry a weapon，though on occasion he did fire at Vietnamese in emergencies.The young soldiers，he said，“are my guns”.
The power of the book，perhaps，comes from Herr’s insistence on describing the war，or more precisely his own responses to it，rather than protesting(抗议) against it.It also comes from the ceaseless accompaniment of two elements，drugs and music—more particularly rock music，and especially the music of Jimi Hendrix. Herr himself spent drug-fuelled weekends in a flat in Saigon，staring at an ancient French map of Indochina，and he never caught a helicopter without a Hendrix record.
He met soldiers with a left pocket full of Dexedrine，the “upper” officially administered by the army to get them into battle，and a right pocket full of “downers” to get them through it.Dispatches did not come out until 1977，when the country was beginning to keep its mind on other problems，but it did more，perhaps，than any other book to freeze an image of despair and a sense of waste about the war，rather as the trench poets of 1914－1918 did in Britain.
Herr also made vital contributions to two of the most influential Vietnam films.He wrote Martin Sheen’s voice-over for Francis Ford Coppola’s Apocalypse Now and later wrote the screenplay for Stanley Kubrick’s Full Metal Jacket. His work，in the book and the two films，has been seen as part of the process whereby the US came to see itself and its history no longer merely through traditional literature，but in sounds and images，in ways that prefigured(预示) the Internet.
In 1980 Herr moved to London，where he stayed until he moved back to the US in 1991.It was there that he met Stanley Kubrick，who became a close friend，though Herr warned against doing business with him. Herr wrote Kubrick’s biography，but he wrote surprisingly little else after Dispatches.
5.Why did Michael Herr go to Vietnam during the war years? A.To join the soldiers in military actions. B.To report military actions and advances. C.To give an authentic account of the war. D.To write about military fashion and humour.
6.What can we infer from Michael Herr’s statement underlined in Paragraph ? A.It was impossible to remain neutral during the war. B.It was unnecessary to show pity for the war victims.
C.Neutrality is a means to keep you safe during the war. D.Neutrality can help the civilians free from sufferings. 7.Which of the following about Dispatches is TRUE? A.It fully describes Herr’s protest against the war. B.Its language is casually selected and organized. C.Music and drugs give the author inspiration. D.It truly reflects Herr’s responses to the war.
8.US soldiers brought drugs with them during the war most probably because . A.they were addicted to drugs B.they suffered stress disorder C.they used them to cure the wounds D.they exchanged them for music records
9.Which of the following can best describe Herr’s attitude towards the war? A.Supportive. C.Disapproving.
B.Uninterested. D.Neutral.
50.What can we learn from the last two paragraphs?
A.Herr’s work offered Americans more ways to know themselves. B.Herr stopped writing after the book Dispatches was published. C.Herr rejected his friend’s request to write a biography for him. D.Herr’s work played a positive role in the birth of the Internet. II. 任务型阅读(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)
请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。 注意：每个空格只填一个单词。
The world would have been so much better if we all knew how to say and do the right thing at the right time. However，that is not the case，especially when it comes to instilling(逐步培养) proper behavior in kids. Behavior modification(BM) techniques were recently created to help in instilling proper behavior in children as well as adults.
Behavior modification refers to establishing various appropriate behaviors in individuals and discouraging those that are not desired. Behavior modification techniques are developed largely according to the principles of operant conditioning by B.F. Skinner，an American behaviorist.These techniques are used in behavior modification treatment that aims to correct and instill appropriate behavior in children.
The commonly used behavior modification techniques are positive reinforcement(强化)，negative reinforcement and punishment. Positive reinforcement refers to reinforcing a proper behavior that most desire through the process of rewarding it. This can be done by praising the individual as soon as he performs a desired behavior. Negative reinforcement behavioral strategies are based on the removal of a negative consequence or a behavior because the desired behavior
was performed.For example，not letting a child help in washing dishes because he behaved well at a family gathering is a form of negative reinforcement. Punishment is something we all can relate to.Yes，it is just what it means. However，when put in words，punishment refers to subjecting(使服从于) an individual to a negative condition because of an inappropriate behavior.
The behavior modification techniques for children are mostly based on positive and negative reinforcement. However，parents should realize that these techniques can’t be relied upon totally for child behavior modification. Though the behavior modification techniques lead to quick results，a parent should continuously try to cultivate(培养) in his child the ability to appreciate the reason why such behavior is expected of him. This can be done through effective communication and greater focus on the parent-child relationship. As a parent，don’t make the reward a monetary one.Try to make it look more like a privilege than a reward. A parent should also be consistent with his technique and apply it whenever there is a chance so that the child gets a clear idea of what is expected and what is not.
Although we talk so much about the role of a parent in bringing positive behavior modification to children，both parents and teachers have equally important roles to play. Teachers play their role through preventive classroom management，teaching skills for solving social problems like alternative thinking，and continuous monitoring of a child’s behavior. It is true that there are various behavior modification techniques available for encouraging proper behavior in children.However，there is nothing that can take the place of proper parenting and an affectionate(慈爱的) environment.
Techniques for Modifying Behavior
1. of BM Establishing various appropriate behaviors and discouraging undesirable ones，aiming to correct and instill proper behavior in individuals. •Positive reinforcement：Reinforcing a 2. behavior by means of Types of BM techniques rewarding it. •Negative reinforcement：3. a negative consequence or a behavior. •Punishment：Subjecting an individual to a negative condition 4. to an improper behavior. •For parents：Realizing these techniques are helpful in leading to quick results，but they are not totally 5. . Effective ways BM techniques for children •Communicating 6. with children and focusing more on the parent-child relationship. •Making the reward more of a privilege rather than a reward. •Remembering to 7. to the same technique and apply it whenever there is a chance. BM techniques for children •For teachers：Realizing both parents and teachers have equally important roles. Effective ways •Playing their role through classroom management designed for the 8. of potential problems. •Teaching 9. skills needed in our society. •Monitoring children’s behavior continuously. 10. III. 书面表达(满分25分)(饮食)
请阅读下面短文，并按照要求用英语写一篇150词左右的文章。
A new study has found that energy drinks and sports drinks cause damage to teeth，with energy drinks being twice as damaging as sports drinks.A report found that the high acidity(酸) levels in the drinks do great harm to tooth enamel(釉质)，the smooth out layer that protects teeth.Lead author Dr. Poonam Jain said，“Young adults consume these drinks believing that they will improve their sports performance and that they are ‘better’ for them than other drinks.Most of these patients are shocked to learn that these drinks are bathing their teeth with acid.” This has led to an increase in tooth decay (蛀牙) and the need for fillings.
The report says 30 to 50 percent of American teenagers always drink sports and energy drinks，with as many as 62 percent drinking at least one sports drink a day.It also says brushing teeth after drinking one of the drinks does more harm than good as this will get the acid all over the tooth enamel. The doctors advised people to wait at least an hour before brushing your teeth.Dr. Jennifer Bone of America’s Academy of General Dentistry recommended people chew sugar-free chewing gum and rinse(漱) the mouth with water after drinking the drinks. 写作内容
1.用约30个单词概述上文的主要内容。
2.用约120个单词就“饮用功能饮料”这个话题谈谈你的看法。内容包括如下要点： (1)功能饮料的利弊；
(2)你平时会饮用功能饮料吗？为什么？
(3)在读过这篇文章后，你是否会饮用功能饮料？为什么？ 写作要求
1.作文中可以使用亲身经历或虚构的故事，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得直接引用原
Proper parenting and an affectionate environment play an irreplaceable role in encouraging proper behavior in children. 文中的句子；
2.作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。 评分标准
内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。
语篇解读 文章介绍了对低频地震及地球潮汐现象的研究及其研究价值。
1.C [细节理解题。根据第二段中的“...the gravitational tug of sun and moon is not only affecting the sea levels of Earth，but can also stretch and compress that Earth’s crust，producing tremors and quakes.”可知，太阳和月亮的引力对地壳的影响会造成震动和地震。故选C。] 2.C [代词指代题。根据第五段第二句及第六段中的“They tell us that the fault continues down below where the regular or typical earthquakes...”可推知，此处的“they”指的是low-frequency earthquakes(低频地震)。故选C。]
3.A [推理判断题。根据第四段第一句“研究人员发现，低频率地震倾向于在潮汐周期的满月期，当潮汐正一点点集聚时发生。”可推知，低频地震发生时潮汐正逐渐地变强。故选A。] 4.D [细节理解题。根据倒数第三段及倒数第二段可知，这个研究的主要功能是为研究深层断裂带提供有效的信息。故选D。]
语篇解读 本文主要介绍了著名作家Michael Herr。
5.C [细节理解题。根据第二段可知，Michael Herr作为随军记者去了越南并真实地记录了这场战争中的点点滴滴。]
6.A [句意理解题。根据第四段第一句中的“...you could not affect neutrality(中立).”可知，Michael Herr认识到在战场上是没有中立的立场的，再结合画线句的字面含义可知，此处指的是在战争中保持中立是不可能的。]
7.D [细节理解题。根据第五段的第一句可知，这本书真实地反映了Michael Herr对战争的看法。]
8.B [推理判断题。根据第六段第一句中的“soldiers with a left pocket full of
Dexedrine...‘downers’ to get them through it”可知，士兵们上战场会带中枢神经兴奋剂和镇静剂，由此可推知，B项正确。]
9.C [推理判断题。根据第六段最后一句中的“...freeze an image of despair and a sense of waste about the war”可知，Michael Herr对战争是持反对态度的。]
10.A [推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“His work，in the book and the two films，has been seen as part of the process whereby the US came to see itself and its history...”可知，Michael Herr的作品让美国人增进了对自身的了解。]
1.Definition 2.desired/proper/appropriate 3.Removing 4.due/owing
5.reliable/dependable 6.effectively 7.stick/keep 8.prevention 9.problem-solving 10.Conclusion 参考范文
Though young people think drinking energy drinks can improve their performance，they do great harm to their tooth enamel. This passage also tells us how to deal with the acid after drinking energy drinks.
As we all know，energy drinks and sports drinks can improve our performance in sports meetings. However，these drinks will bring us some side effects. One of the worst effects is that they can be very harmful to our tooth enamel，leaving us with tooth decay.
I used to drink a lot of energy drinks and sports drinks at school，especially before or after I did some physical activities. I found it rather cool to drink the cold energy drinks. In sports meetings，many schoolmates，including me，always try to improve our performance by drinking these drinks.
After reading this passage，I came to see that drinking these energy drinks and sports drinks do more harm than good to us. Therefore，I won’t drink these drinks any more since I don’t want to have decayed teeth. As for healthy drinks，I think water and tea are our best friends.
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