英语词汇学复习集合

Morphes: are discrete units which realize abstract morphemes in speech. Morphs are actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning. Monomorphemic:

Free morphemes: is one stand alone as a word.

Bound morphemes: be function together with root of word. The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. Affixes: forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. 1) inflectional: are affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships. 2) derivational: are affixes added to other morphemes to create new word.

2.1prefixes: is a formation by adding prefixes to stems. Their chief function is to change meaning of the stems.

2.2suffixes: is the formation by adding suffixes to stems. Their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. Stem: a part of a word to which affixes of any kind can be added.

Root: is a basic forms of a word which cannot be further analyse without total loss of identity. Bound root:is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning.

Creation: refer to the formation of new words by using the existing material, namely roots, affixes and other elements. Affixation（词缀法）: as the formation of words by means of adding affixes to stems.

Compounding/composition（复合法）: is the formation of words by joining two or more stems into one word.(joining stem)

Conversion/zero-derivation（转换法）: is the formation of new words by coverting words of one class to another class.(coverting words class) Blending（拼缀法）: a formation by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word.(combining parts of two words Actonymy/ initialisms（首字母缩写）: a formation by joining the initial letters of names of phrases.(joining the initial letter Back-formation（逆词法）: a formation by removing the supposed suffixes.

Clipping（截断法）: a formation by cutting a part of the origin, and using remains instead.

By use frequency Basic words:

1)All national character;2)Stability;3)Productivity;4)Polysemy;5)Collocability. Non-basic words: Terminology(术语) particular field (2)Jargon（行话）:the language used for a particular activity or by a particular group of people (3)slang（俚语）(4)Argot（暗语）particular group of people （5）Dialectal words(方言) particular area(6) Archaisms（古语）an archaic word or expression (7) Neologisms（新词语）a new word and expression or new meaning of a word

By notion

Content words: denote clear notions.

Functional words: do not have notions of their own, express the relation between notions, words and sentences. By origin

Native words: are those of Anglo-Saxon origin, which are small in number. Borrowed words: is take over from foreign languages.

Reference: it is the relationship between language and the world.

Concept: it is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. Sense: it denotes the relationships inside the language.

Motivation: means which words acquire their meanings .the relationship between the linguistic symbol/structure of word/form and its meaning. 1) Onomatopoeic拟声理据: words whose sounds suggest their meaning, creates by imitating the natural sounds or noises associable . 2) morphological形态理据: words whose meaning derive from the total sum of the morphemes involved.

3) semantic语义理据:（words whose figurative sense derives from its literal sense through）refer to the mental association suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. 4) etymological词源理据: words whose meaning are related directly to the origin. Lexical meaning:

1) conceptual: form the core of word meaning. It is the denotative in that it concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes , or refers to. the meaning given in

the dictionary

2) associative: secondary meaning supplements to the conceptual meaning.

connotative: the overtone or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning. stylistic: that a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use. affective: that indicates the speaker’s attitude.

collocative: that suggested by the association in its collocation.

Primary meaning: is the only meaning that a word when it was fist created.

Derived meaning: are the meaning that a word get from primary meaning. At different stages of its development in the course of time.

Polysemy（多义词）: be used to refer to that one word has two or more sense or meanings.

1) Diachronic approached: is an approach to polysemy which studies how a word derived its different meaning from its primary meaning in the cause of time. 2) Synchronic approached: is an approach to polysemy which studies the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time.

radiation: a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings.

concatenation: a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense until, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed.

Homonymy（同形异意）: a term used to refer to two or more words which have the same form or sounds but differ in meanings. defined as words different in meaning 1) perfect: (same name)identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.

2) homographs: (same spelling)identical only in spelling but different in meaning and sound. 3) homophones: (same sound)identical only in sound but different in meaning and spelling.

Synonymy（同义词）: be used to refer to words which are similar or the same in meaning, but different sound and spelling. Antonymy（反义词）: can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.

Hyponymy（上下义关系）: deal with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is , the meaning of a specific word is included in that of another more general word. 1) superordinates: is refer to some general words .(which are concrete and precise).

2) subordinates: denote those more specific words.(which convey only a general and vague idea).

Extension/generalization（扩展法）: is a process by which the specialized meaning has become generalized. is a term referring to the widening of meaning

Narrowing/specialization（缩略法）: is a process by which the word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. is a term referring to the shrinking of meaning Degradation/deterioration（降级法）: is a process by which words with a commendatory meaning fall into derogatory sense. Elevation/amelioration（升级法）: is a process by which words rise from humble beginning to positions of importance. Transfer（转换法）: is a process in which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to a different but related thing.

A semantic field: is a meaning area where words share the same concept. A semantic field is useful because it helps pin down the meanings of words in relation to other words in the

semantic field. Often, a word is not known until the words that operate with it become known. Specialized dictionary: is a dictionary concentrating on a particular area of language or knowledge. Linguistic Context : refer to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears.

Lexical Context – refers to the words occur together with the word in question. The meaning of the word is often affected and defined by the neighboring word.

Grammatical context – The meanings of a word may be inflected by the structure in which it occurs. Refer to syntactic structure in which a word is used. the role of context content has three major function elimination of ambiguity indication of referents

provision of clues for inferring word meaning

(1) Old English (450 ~ 1150). After the Romans, the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons, and Jutes came in great numbers. Soon they permanent control of the land, which was to be called England. Their language, historically known as Anglo - Saxon, dominated and almost totally blotted out the Celtic. Now people generally refer to Anglo - Saxon as Old English. The introduction of Christianity had a great impact on the English vocabulary. In the 9th century the land was invaded again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings. With the invaders, many Scandinavian words came into the English languages. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50000 ~ 60000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German. Therefore, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs had complex endings or vowel changes, or both, which differ greatly from the language that we use today.

(2) Middle English (1150 ~ 1500). The Norman Conquest in 1066 started a continual flow of French words into English and Norman French became the polite speech. But by the end of the 13th century, English gradually came back. During this period, Britain had trade relations with Holland and as a result, as many as 2500 words of Dutch origin found their way into English.

(3) Modern English. Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England. During the Renaissance, enormous numbers of Latin words became part of English vocabulary. In the mid - seventeenth century, British tentacles began stretching out to every corner of the globe, thus enabling English to absorb words languages of the world. Since the beginning of this century, thousands of new words have been created to express new ideas, inventions, and scientific achievements. In modern English, word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions. It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language from all major.

Loan-word借词 :are borrowed from other languages.

Alien非同化词：are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.

Denizens同化词: are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. Differences between compound and free phrases: 1) phonetic feature:

2) semantic feature, every compound should express a single idea just as a word.

3) grammatical feature, a compound tend to play a single grammatical role in a sentence. Idioms can be classified into five groups: 1) idioms nominal in nature. 2) Idioms adjective in nature. 3) Idioms verbal in nature.

4) Idioms adverbial in nature. 5) Sentence idioms.

Metaphor(隐喻): Metaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another

Metonymy(借代): Metonymy is the device in which we name something by one of its attributes.

Synecdoche(提喻): Synecdoche means using a part for a whole, an individual for a class, a material for a thing or the reverse of any of these. Analogy(类比): Analogy is a process whereby words are created in imitation of other words.

What is the role of context?

What is collocative meaning? Give one example to illustrate your point.

How do you account for the role of native words in English in relation to loan-words?

Why do we say “English is a heavy borrower”? Please justify it.

The “pen” is mightier than the “sword”

Explain what “pen” and “sword” mean respectively using the theory of motivation.

Analyze the morphological structure of following words and point out the types of the morphemes. Recollection, nationalist, unearthly.

What are the differences between compounds and free phrases?

How many groups may idiom be classified into?

What are the special features of a Chinese-English Dictionary?

How would you explain the difference between back-formation and suffixation?

Analyze the three causes of meaning change within the scope f linguistic factors, based on the words given below: Gold,bulb

Deer,beast,animals. Fortuitous, fruition.

What are the linguistic factors of meaning changes

What are actonyms? Please illustrate it with at least two examples.

Please illustrate the grammatical meaning of a word with at least one example.

Supply two example to illustrate that the influx of borrowings has caused some words to change in meaning.

Explain the three different periods of the English development.

What is word-formation? What are the three major processes of word-formation?

What is the symbolic connection between a sound and meaning?

In the following sentence, what type of transfer has the word in bold undergone? You should address your remarks to the chair.

What is the appropriate antonym for ”sharp” in the following statement? Jack heard the sharp noise from the dark house.

Comment on the following pairs of sentences in terms of superordinates and subordinates. The man said he would come to our school next week.

The visiting scholar said he would visit our university next Monday.

Use examples to illustrate the similarity and difference between absolute synonyms and relative synonyms.

Explain the logical relationships of the following terms: free morphemes, affix, morphemes, bound root, bound morphemes

In which aspects do compounds differ from free phrases？

What is the difference between superordinates and subordinates? Explain it with the given words “flower, elephant, tiger, rose, tulip, animal.”

Take “a laconic answer is a short answer” as an example to illustrate etymological motivation.

Comment on the following groups of words in terms of types of antonyms：contradictory terms, contrary terms, relative terms. “dead-alive, yound-old, employer-employee”

What are the three main sources of new words in present-day English vocabulary? Match the following expressions with the three sources as examples. “green revolution, fast food, the fourth world, Mao jeckets” , open heart surgery.