由于英语和汉语两种语⾔存在有不少差异。英语中的长句常常要译成汉语的⼏个短的句⼦。不仅仅限于句⼦的译法。甚⾄连英语中的简单句、短语词组,甚⾄⼀个单词都根据语境都可以⽤汉语的句⼦来表达。这是由于两种语⾔的思维⽅式不同,两种语⾔的句⼦结构有时也⼤不相同,下⾯举⼀些翻译的例⼦来加以说明。 1、 Illogically, she should have expected some kind of miracle solution. 2、 Not having been discovered, many laws of nature actually exist in nature. 3、 His residence in a small town limited his knowledge of the outside world. 4、 A movie of my leaving that frightening place would like a shell leaving a rifle. 5、 His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery. 6、 The secret letter had been all of time just out of reach. 7、 That question is too hard for me to answer.
8、 Eventually, more as a last hope than with any confidence in a result, a subcommittee was formed to try toreconcile difference between them……
9、 He shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narrowed in indignation.
10、 The stories with their unexpected endings are built around interesting situations, rather than around analysis ofcharacter. 参考译⽂:
1、 她竟希望会有某种奇迹般的解决办法,这是不合情理的事。(副词分译)
2、 虽然⾃然界的许多规律尚未发现,但他们确实存在于⾃然界中。(分词短语的分译) 3、 他住在⼀个⼩镇⾥,对外⾯的世界了解甚少。(简单句拆译)
4、 要是拍成电影的话,我逃离那个可怕去处的样⼦⼀定像是⼀颗出膛的⼦弹⼀样。(同上) 5、 他没有遵守安全规则,结果造成机器故障。(名词短语的分译) 6、 密信⼀直就在那⼉,可就是没有⼈能够得⼿。(介词短语的分译) 7、 那个问题太难了,我回答不了。(不定式的分译)
8、 最后,为了解决他们之间的分歧,成⽴了⼀个⼩组,这是最后⼀点希望了,其实⼤家对其结果并⽆真正的信⼼。(简单句的分译)
9、 他摇了摇头,眼睛睁得溜圆,接着⼜眯成了⼀条线,脸上露出了愤怒的神⾊。(介词短语的分译) 10、 ⼩说是围绕着引⼈⼊胜的情节展开的,因此故事的结局往往出⼈意外。(简单句的分译) 结束语:
认真分析以上句⼦的译⽂,再仔细对照英语原⽂,我们可能会得出分译的原因:
对同⼀件事物,英语常常先议论后叙述,或先表明态度,后摆明情况。⽽汉语表达⽅式往往相反。英语的定语可以后置(汉语不能)。英语状语的使⽤也更灵活。
英语和汉语两种语⾔在结构上有不同的特点。从以上也可看出,英语中的⼀个单词我们在翻译时也可以⽤⼀个句⼦来表达,如是遇到长的句⼦当然就更复杂⼀些了。但长句也是由基本结构扩展⽽来的。在翻译时,我⼀般是通过句法分析,判断出句⼦是简单句、并列句还是复合句,找出句⼦的主要成分,然后要弄清主要成分与各修饰成分之间的种种相互逻辑关系,分清层次,抓住主⼲。还要注意根据汉语的特点,运⽤恰当的⽅式使译⽂通顺、达意。
1、 We may ask ourselves if we are ready, psychologically, to accept the possibility of life elsewhere.
2、 We must recognize that what we are doing is simply part of trend that began with Copernicus and Galileo, who firstshowed us that Earth is not the center of the universe.
3、 That, and later discoveries that our galaxy is one of billions—— with countless possibilities for life——indicatesthat we‘re part of something truly grand, in every sense of that word. 参考译⽂:
1、 我们可以⾃问,我们是否已作好了⼼理准备,接受地球以外存在⽣命的可能性。
2、 我们必须认识到,⽬前我们正在做的不过是认识转变趋势的⼀部分,这个认识的转变起源于哥⽩尼和伽利略,当初哥⽩尼和伽利略告诉我们地球不是宇宙中⼼。
3、 哥⽩尼和伽利略他们的发现,以及后来发现我们的这个银河系地宇宙中达数⼗亿个之多,⽣命的可能性难以计数,这些都表明我们⼈类只是某个巨⼤系统的⼀个组成部分,这的的确确是⼀个不折不扣的⼤系统。 注解:
以上三个例句有⼀个共同的特点,它们叙述的内容基本上是按照所发⽣的时间先后安排,或者内容是按照逻辑关系安排,与汉语的表达⽅法⽐较⼀致。因此我们可以按照原⽂的顺序译出。这在长句拆译时称为“顺译法”。(并不经常可⽤) 题外插⼊语:
例句3中有个单词“grand”,这是⼀个形容词。意思多样,在⼝语中可作“极好的、美妙的”解;⽤于褒义可作“威严的、⼤的、伟⼤的、重⼤的、宏伟的、壮丽的、尊严的等等”解;
也可⽤于作贬义译为“骄傲的、⾃负的”等含义。所以说某些词语只能由上下⽂来定义。在翻译时“选词⽤字”的技巧⼗分重要。
下⾯就“顺译法”再举⼆个例⼦:
4、 Located in the Taiwan Straits, Meizhou Island is a small island with a total area of 14 square kilometers and apopulation of 35 thousand. It is well-known home and abroad for the first Mazu Temple.
湄洲岛位于海峡通道⾥,是莆⽥市湄洲湾上的⼀个⼩岛,⾯积14平⽅公⾥,⼈⼝3.5万多,因供奉妈祖的“湄洲祖庙”闻名世界。
5、 Numerous shoals scattered over the 200 KMs course give rise to many eddies, pounding on the midstreamrocks, the river roars thunderously.
⼆百公⾥航道上,遍布着⽆数险滩。险滩上,江流汹涌,回旋激荡,⽔击礁⽯,浪花飞溅,声如雷鸣。 “顺译法”在长句的翻译中实际上运⽤的较少。我们共同来探讨另⼀种译法——“逆译法”。 先看下⾯句⼦:
A student of mathematics must become familiar with all the signs and symbols commonly used in mathematics and bearthem in mind firmly, and be well versed in the definitions, formulas as well as the technical terms in the field of
mathematics, in order that he may be able to build up the foundation of the mathematical subject and master it well forpursuing advanced study.
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